Appendix:Eskimo-Aleut basic vocabulary
The following is a brief comparison of cognates among the basic vocabulary across the Eskimo–Aleut language family (about 60 words). Note that empty cells do not imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language is formed from another stem and is not a cognate with the other words in the row. Also, there may be shifts in the meaning from one language to another, and so the "common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases the form given is found only in some dialects of the language. Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted.
List
[edit]| common meaning | Aleut | Proto-Eskimo | Sirenik | Siberian Yupik | Alutiiq | Yup'ik | Seward Inupiaq | Qawiaraq | Malimiutun Inupiaq | North Slope Inupiaq | Uummarmiutun | Siglitun | Inuinnaqtun | Natsilik | Kivalliq | Aivilik | North Baffin | South Baffin | Inuktitut (Nunavik) | Labrador Inuttut | North Greenlandic | West Greenlandic | East Greenlandic | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persons | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Human being (Shaman word's) | taĝu | *taʁu | tarex | taghu | taru | taru | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | tau | taa | taa | |
| (Grand)father | adax̂/taatax̂ | *ata *ata-ata | ata | ata | ata | aata | ata/ava | ata/ava | aapa/taata | aapa | aapa/ata | aappak/ataatak | aappak | ataata | ataata | ataata | ataata | ataata | ataata | ataata | ataata | ataataq | alaala | |
| Mother | anax̂ | *ana *ana-ana | nana | naa/ana | aana | aana | aaga | aaga | aaka | aaka | aaka | amaamak/aana | amaamak/anaana | anaana | anaana | anaana | anaana | anaana | anaana | anaana | anaana | anaanaq | annivik | |
| Son | *iʁnǝ-ʁ | irnex | ighneq | irneq | irneq | irniq | irniq | irñiq | irñiq | irñiq | irniq | irniq | irniq | irniq | irniq | irniq | irniq | irniq | innik | irniq | irneq | irniq | ||
| Daughter | *paniɣ | panex | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | panik | ||
| Older brother (of female) | huyux̂ | *aNǝ-LГun | anta | aningak | anngaq | anngaq | ani | ani | ani | ani | ani | aniraaluk | ani | ani | ani | ani | ani | ani | ani | anik | ani | ani | ani | |
| Older sister (of male) | uhngix | *aleqa | nuskit | alqaq | aɫqaq | alleqaq | aliqaq | aliqaq | aliqaq | aliqaq | aliqaq | aliqaq | aliqaq | aliqaq | aliqaq | aliqaq | aliqannaq | angajuk | angajuk | angajuk | aliqa | aleqaq | alara | |
| Younger brother (of female) | kingii | *nukaq | ungjex | uyughaq | uyuwaq | uyuraq | nukaq | nukaq | nukaaluk | nukaaluk | nukaq | nukaq | nukaq | nukaq | mukaq | nukaq | nukaq | nukaq | nukaq | nukak | nukaq | nukaq | nukaq | |
| Younger sister (of male) | uhngix | *nayak | najex | nayak | nayak | nayagaq | nayak | nayak | nayak | nayak | nayak | nayak | nayak | nayak | nayak | najak | najak | najak | najak | najaatsuk | najak | najak | najak | |
| Husband | ugi | *uɣi | uga | ugwik | wik | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | uik | ui | ui | uviq | |
| Wife | ayagax̂ | *nuLiaq | nucix | nuliiq | nuliq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliak | nuliaq | nuliaq | nuliaq | |
| Family/Relative | ilaanux̂ | *ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | ila | |
| Man | tayaĝux̂ | *aŋu-nt | angeta | angun | angun | angun | angun | angun | angun | angun | angun | angun | angun | angut | angut | angut | anguti | anguti | anguti | angutik | angut | angut | tikkaq | |
| Woman | ayaĝax̂ | *aʁnaq | arnax | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | arnaq | annak | arnaq | arnaq | nuliakkaaq | |
| Boy | hlax | *aleqa | nukeɫpegaẋ | nukaɫpegaq | nukaɫpiaq | nukalpiaq | nugatpiaq | nugatpiaq | nukatpiaq | nukatpiaq | nukatpiaq | nukatpiraq | nukatpiaq | nukatpiaq | nukatpiaq | nukappiaq | nukappiaq | nukappiaq | nukappiaq | nukappiak | nukappiaq | nukappiraq | nugappiaq | |
| Girl | ayaĝaadax̂ | *nǝvi(a)ʁc(ǝɣ)a- | náẋserráẋ | neveghsaq | neviarcaq | niaqsaaʁruk | niaqsiaʁruk | niviaqsiaʁruk | niviaqsiaʁruk | niviakkaq | niviaqsiraq | niviaqhiaq | niviaqhiaq | niviakkiaq | niviaqsiaq | niviaqsaaq | niviaqsiaq | niviatsiaq | niviatsiak | niviarhiaq | niviarsiaraq | niiarsiaq | ||
| Person | anĝaĝinax̂ | *inguɣ | jux | yuk | suk | yuk/cuk | inuk | inuk | iñuk | iñuk | iñuk | inuk | inuk | inuk | inuk | inuk | inuk | inuk | inuk | inuk | inuk | inuk | iik | |
| Mother-in-law | *caki | saka | saki | caki | cakiq | sagi | chagi | saki | saki | hakigaq | saki | haki | haki | hakigaq | saki | saki | saki | saki | sakik | haki | saki | saqiq/sagiq | ||
| Personal pronouns | I or me (singular) | ting | *vi | menga | hwanga | w'iinga | wiinga | wanga | uanga | uvanga | uvanga | uvanga | uvanga | uvanga | uvanga | uvanga | uvanga | uvanga | uvanga | uvaqa | uvak | uanga | uanga | uara |
| all of two us (two) (dual) | tingix | *vik | hwagakuk | w'iingakuk | wangkuk | waguk | uaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | uvaguk | |||||
| we or us/all of us (plural) | tingin(s) | *vit | mengaketa | hwagakuta | w'iingakuta | wangkuta | wagut | uagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uvagut | uagut | uagut | uangit | |
| you (singular) | txin | *ǝɫ-vǝn-t | ɫpi | ɫpet | eɫpet | elpet | ivlin | ilvin | ilvich | ilvich | ilvik | ilvit | ilvit | ivrit/itvin | igvin/idvin | igvit | ivvit | ivvit | ivvit | iffit | ihhit/i'lit | iɫɫit | ittit | |
| you two (dual) | txidix | *ǝɫ-ptek | ɫpetek | eɫpetek | elpetek | iliptik | iliptik | iliptik | iliptik | iliptik | iliptik | iliptik | iliptik | iliptik | iliptik | ilissik | ilittik | ilittik | ilittik | |||||
| yourselves/all of you (plural) | txichix | *ǝɫ-vcet | ɫpisi | ɫpesi | eɫpici | elpeci | ilipsi | ilipsi | ilivsi | ilivsi | iliffi | ilipsi | iliffi | iliphi | iliphi | ilipsi | ilissi | ilitsi | ilitsi | ilitsi | ilissi | ilissi | ilitsi | |
| he/she/it | ilaa/uda | *ǝɫ-ŋa *una | langa/una | lnga/una | elen/una | ellii/una | ilaa/una | ilaa/una | ilaa/una | ilaa/una | ilaa/una | ilaa/una | una | una | una | una | una | una | una | una | una | una | una | |
| thyself/themselves/itself | ilaan(s)/udan(s) | *ǝɫ-ŋat *ukuat | langwi/uket | lngit/ukut | elita/ukut | elliita/ukut | ilaat/ugua | ilaat/ugua | ilaat/ukua | ilaat/ukua | ilaat/ukua | ilaat/ukua | ukua/ukkua | ukua/ukkua | ukua/ukkua | ukua/ukkua | ukua/ukkua | ukua/ukkua | ukua/ukkua | ukua/ukkua | ukua/ukkua | ukua/ukkua | ugua/ukkua | |
| I, me (affixes) | -kuq | *tua *kuq | -jua | -tua | -tua | -tua, -runga | -runga | -runga | -runga | -runga | -yunga, -yuami | -yunga | -yunga | -runga | -yunga | -junga | -junga | -junga | -junga | -junga | -junga | -punga,sunga | -pua, lua | |
| you (affixes) | -kuxt | *it | -jet | -ten | -ten | -ten | -rutin | -rutin | -rutin | -rutin | -rutin | -yutin | -yutin | -rutit | -yutit | -jutit | -jutit | -jutit | -jutit | -jutit | -hutit | -sutit | -sulit | |
| he/she/it (affixes) | -kux | *tuq | -jix | -tuq | -tuq | -tuq | -ruq | -ruq | -ruq | -ruq | -ruq | -yuaq | -yuq | -ruq | -yuq | -yuq | -juq | -juq | -juq | -juk | -huq | -soq, poq | -tuq, puq | |
| my (affixes) | -ng | *nga | -ka/qa | -ka/qa | -ka/qa | -ka/qa | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -ga | -ga/ra | -ga/ra | -nga/ra | |
| your (affixes) | -n | *in | -n | -n | -n | -n | -n | -n | -n | -n | -n | -n | -t | -t | -t | -t | -it | -it | -it | -it | -t | -t | -t | |
| his/her/its (affixes) | -(n)gan | *ngan | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | -nga/a | |
| he/she...her/him/it | -kuu/qaa | *jaa/kaa | -jaa/kaa | -taa/kaa | -taa/kaa | -taa/kaa | -raa/gaa | -raa/gaa | -raa/gaa | -raa/gaa | -yaa/gaa | -yaa/gaa | -raa/gaa | -yaa/gaa | -jaa/gaa | -jaa/gaa | -jaa/gaa | -jaa/gaa | -jaa/gaa | -jaa/gaa | -jaa/gaa | -saa/gaa | -laa/ngaa | |
| Who (Interrogate) | kiin | *kina | kiin | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kina | kia | |
| What (Interrogate) | alqux | *caŋu | sangǝ̄́ca | sangwa/suna | cacaq | ca/cauga | suna | sua | sua | suna/suva | huna | suna | huna | huna | huna | suna | kisu | suna | suna | suna | kihu | suna/sua | kisik | |
| Why (Interrogate) | alqul(-usaal) | *caŋu | sangaami | sangami | cin/caluni | ciin/caluni | suami | suami | summan/suvataa | summan/suvataa | huuq | suuq | huuq | huuq | huuq | suuq | suuq | sungmat | sumut | summat | huuq | suuq | suuq | |
| Where (Interrogate) | qaataa | *nani | nani | nani/naa/sami | nama/nani | nani/cami | naung/nani | naunga/nani | sumi/nani/naung | sumi/nani/naung | humi/nani/nau | sumi/nani/naung | humi/nani/naung | humi/naung | nani/naung | sumi/nauk | nani/nauk | nami/nani | nami/nani | nami/nani | humi | sumi | sumi | |
| When (Past/future) (Interrogate) | qanaayam | *qanga/qaku | qanga/qaku | qavnga/kaku | qangwaq/qaku | qangvaq/qaku | qanga/qagun | qanga/qagu | qaglaan/qaku | qanga/qaku | qanga/qaku | qanga/qakugu | qanga/qakugu | qanga/qakugu | qanga/qakugu | qanga/qakugu | qanga/qakugu | qanga/qakugu | qanga/qakugu | kanga/kakugu | qanga/qakugu | qanga/qaqugu | qanga/qara | |
| How (Interrogate) | alqutal | *qanuq | qanex | qayuq | qayuq | ayuqa/qaillun | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | qanuq | kanuk | qanuq | qanoq | qaniq | |
| Body parts | Chin | tsamlu | *tsamlu | tamla | tamlu | tamluq | tamlu | tavlu | tavluq | tavlu | tavlu | tavlu | tablu | tablu | tablu | tablu | tablu | tallu | tallu | tallu | talluk | taddu | taɫɫu | tattuq |
| Heart | kanuux̂ | *uŋ-uma- | ungevata | unguvan | unguwan | unguvan | uumman | uumman | uumman | uumman | uumman | uumman | uumman | uummat | uummat | uummat | uummati | uummati | uummati | uummatik | uummat | uummat | iimmat | |
| Blood | aamaaxs | *aruɣ | acex/arux | awk | auk | auk | awk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | auk | aak | aak | |
| Head | kamĝix̂ | *ńarǝ-qu- | iiceqeẋ | naasquq/nayquq | nasquq | nacquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niaquq | niakuk | niaquq | niaqoq | suuniq | |
| Hair | iimlix | *ńujaq | nujǝẋ/jujǝẋ | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nuyaq | nujaq | nujaq | nujaq | nujaq | nujak | nujaq | nujaq | nujaq | |
| Eye | dax̂ | *irǝ | eca | iya | ii/iingaq | ii/iingaq | izi | izi | iri | iri | iyi | iyi | iyi | iri | iyi | iji | iji | iji | iji | ijik | ihi | isi | ili | |
| Eyelash | dam qaxsaa | *qǝmǝʁja- | qemerjax/seqpix | qemeryaq/siqpik | qemeryaq/ciqpik | qemeryaq/ciqpek | qimiriaq/siqpiq | qimiriaq/siqpik | qimiriaq/siqpik | qimiriaq/siqpik | qimiriaq/hiqpik | qimiriaq/siqpik | qimiriaq/hiqpik | qimiriaq/hiqpik | qimiriaq/hiqpik | qimiriaq/siqpik | qimiriaq/siqpik | qimiriaq/siqpik | qimiriaq/siqpik | kimigiak/sippik | qimiriaq/hiqpik | qimeriaq/serpik | qimiiaq/sirpik | |
| Ear | tutusix̂ | *ciɣunt | siigeta | sigun | cuun | ciun | siun | siun | siun | siun | hiun | siun | hiun | hiut | hiut | siut | siuti | siuti | siuti | siutik | hiut | siut | siit/*tusaat | |
| Nose | angusix̂ | *qǝŋa- | qengax | qengaq | qengaq | qengaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | kingak | qingaq | qingaq | qingaq | |
| Arm | chuyux̂ | *taɫi- | jaqex | taɫiq | taɫiq | talliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | taliq | talik | taliq | taleq | taliq | |
| Hand | chax̂ | *arɣa | ácxeẋ | aykaq | aikaq | aikaq | agrak | agraq | argak | argak | argak | adjgak *aygak | algak | argak | adjgak | aggak | aggak | aggak | aggak | aggak | aghak | assak | attak | |
| Finger | atx̂ux̂ | *ińura- | nurax | yughaq | suaraq | yuaraq | inugaq | inugaq | iñugaq | iñugaq | iñugaq | inugaq | inugaq | inugaq | inugaq | inugaq | inugaq | inugaq | inugaq | inugak | inugaq | inuaq | iiaq | |
| Fingernail | *kikra | kiikiak | kigiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kikiak | kigiak | |||||
| Belly | xax | *aqja | aqii | aqyaq | aqsaq | aqsaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | aqiaq | akiak | aqiaq | aqajaq | ariaq | |
| Navel | qiihliqdax̂ | *qacaɫǝʁ | qaɫasex | qasaɫeq | qaɫaciq | qallaciq | qalaziq | qalachiq | qalasriq | qalasiq | qalahiq | qalasiq | qalahiq | qalahiq | qalahiq | qalasiq | qalasiq | qalasiq | qalasiq | kalasik | qalahiq | qalaseq | ||
| Knee | chidiĝix | *ciɣǝr-qu | sigesqeẋ | serquq | cisquq | ciisquq | siitquq | siitquq | siitquq | siitquq | hiitquq | siitquq | hiitquq | hiitquq | hiitquq | siiqquq | siiqquq | siiqquq | siirquq | siikkuk | hiiqquq | siiqqoq | ||
| Calf | tugaadix̂ | *nakacuɣ-na- | nakasegnax | nakasugnaq | nakacugnaq | nakacugnaq | nakasungnaq | nakasungnaq | nakasrungnaq | nakasungnaq | nakahungnaq | nakasungnaq | nakahungnaq | nakahungnaq | nakahungnaq | nakasungnaq | nakasungnaq | nakasunnaq | nakasunnaq | nakasunnak | nakahungnaq | nakasunnaaq | ||
| Foot | kitax̂ | *itǝɣ-(a-) | ítegá | itegaq | itaq | itgaq | itigak | itigaq | isigak | isigak | ihigak | itigak | itigak | ihigak | itigak | itigak | isigak | itigak | itigak | itigak | ihigak | isigak | ||
| Anus | idiĝasix̂ | *ǝtǝʁ | tex | eteq | eteq | teq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itiq | itik | itiq | iteq | iliq? *kiaavik | |
| Animals | Caribou | itx̂aygix̂ | *tuŋtu | tumta | tungtu | tuntu | tuntu | tuttu | tuttu | tuttu | tuttu | tuttu | tuktu | tuktu | tuktu | tuktu | tuktu | tuktu | tuttu | tuttu | tuttuk | tuktu | tuttu | tuttuq |
| Swan | qukingix̂ | *quɣruɣ | qerúmɫeráẋ | quuk | qugyuq | qugyuq | qugruk | qugruk | qugruk | qugruk | qugruk | qugyuk | qugyuk | qugyuk | qugyuk | qugjuk | qugjuk | qujjuk | qujjuk | kutjuk | qughuk | qussuk | qutsuk | |
| Canada Goose | laĝix̂ | *lǝqlǝʁ | leẋɫeẋ | leghɫeq | neqɫeq | neqleq | lirliq | lirliq | lirliq | nirliq | nirliq | nirliq | nirliq | nirliq | nirliq | lirliq/nirliq | nirliq | nirliq | nirliq | nillik | nirliq | nerɫeq | nirtiq | |
| Killer Whale | aglux̂ | *aʁɫuɣ | arɫux? | arɫuk | aqɫuk | arrluk | aarlu | aarlu | aarlu | aarlu | aarlu | aarlu | aarlu | aarluk | aarluk | aarluk | aarluk | aarluk | aarluk | aalluk | aarluk | aarɫuk | aartiq? | |
| Groundhog/Arctic squirrel | sixsix | *sigsik | siksix | sikik | cikik | cikik | siksrik | chiksrik | siksrik | siksrik | siksrik | siksik | hikhik | hiksik | hikhik | siksik | siksi | sitsik | sitsik | sitsik | highik | sissi | sitsiq | |
| Ptarmigan | aĝdiikax̂ | *aqărɣiʁ | aqergex | aqargiiq/aqarriq | aqasgiiq | aqazgiiq | arargiq | arargiq | aqargiq | aqargiq | aqaygiq | aqiygiq | aqilgiq | aqirgiq/aqigriq | aqidjgiq | aqiggiq | aqiggiq | aqiggiq | aqiggiq | akiggik | aqighiq | aqisseq | nagalaraq | |
| Oldsquaw Duck | aagix̂ | *aXaŋǝ-liʁ | aahaangalex | aahaangwliq | ahangkiluk | aahaangiiq/aahaaliq | aa'aangiq | aa'aangiq | aahaaliq | aahaaliq | ahaangiq | ahaangiq | aahaalliq | ahaangiq | ahaangiq | ahaangiq | ahaangiq | ahaangiq | ahaangiq | ahaangik | ahaangiq | ahaangiq | ahaangiq | |
| Bowhead whale/whale | alax̂ | *aʁvǝʁ | arvex | arveq | arweq/arruq | arveq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | arviq | avvik | arviq | arfeq | arpiq | |
| Dog | sabaakax̂ | *qikmi- | qepeneẋ | qikmiq | qiqmiq/piugta | qimugta | qimmiq | qimmiq | qipmiq | qimmiq | qimmiq | qimmiq | qinmiq | qingmiq/qimmiq | qingmiq/qimmiq | qimmiq | qimmiq | qimmiq | qimmiq | kimmik | qimmiq | qimmeq | qimmiq | |
| Fish | qax̂ | *ǝqaɫuɣ | iqeɫex | iqaɫuk | iqaɫuk | iqalluk | iraluk | iraluk | iqaluk | iqaluk | qaluk | iqaluk | iqaluk | iqaluk | iqaluk | iqaluk | iqaluk | iqaluk | iqaluk | ikaluk | iqaluk | eqaluk | iqalik | |
| Louse | kitux̂ | *kumaɣ | kúmex | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | kumak | |
| Other nouns | Atmosphere/weather/out | silan/slax̂ | *cǝla | siɫa | sɫaa | ɫa | cilla/ella | sila | chila | sila | sila | hila | sila | hila | hila | hila | sila | sila | sila | sila | sila | hila | sila | sila |
| Yes | aang | *aa/ii | ii | ii | ii-i | ii-i | ii-i | ii-i | ii | ii | ii | ii | ii | ii | ii | ii | ii | ii | ii | ii | ii | aap | ii | |
| No | nangaa | *naaka *qaanga | naaka | naka/naah | kaa | ina/qanga | naami/naagga | qanngaq/naagga | naumi/naakka | naumi/naagga | naggai | naaggai | imannaq | iiq/naagga | naung/naagga | nauk/aakka | aakka/naagga | aukka/aggaq | naggai/nauk | aukang | na'a/naagga | naami/naagga | iiqqii | |
| House | ulax̂ | *ǝŋlu | lu | inglu | englu | englu | iglu | iglu | iglu | iglu | iglu | iglu | iglu | iglu | iglu | iglu | iglu | illu | illu | illuk | iglu | iɫɫu | ittiq | |
| Tent | pulaatxix̂ | *tupǝʁ | tupex | tupeq | tuviq | tuviq | tupiq | tupiq | tupiq | tupiq | tupiq | tupiq | tupiq | tupiq | tupiq | tupiq | tupiq | tupik | tupiq | tupeq | tupiq | |||
| To ask | ahmat- | *apete | apet- | apetaqa- | apqar- | apete- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apiri- | apigi- | apiri- | aperi- | apii- | |
| Tell a Story/Legend | uniikal | *uniɣ-paʁ- | unircex | ungikpaq | unifkuaq | univkaraq | unipkaaq | unipkaaq | unipkaaq | unipkaaq | unipkaaq | unipkaaq | unipkaaq | unipkaaq | unipkaaq | unipkaaq | unikkaaq | unikkaaq | unikkaaq | unikkaak | unikkaaq | unikkaaq | unikkaaq | |
| Cry/weep | qidal | *qiRă- | qeje | qeya | qia | qeya | qia | qia | qia | qia | qia | qia | qia | qia | qia | qia | qia | qia | qia | kia | qia | qia | qia | |
| Arrow | *qaʁru | qarceẋ | ruuq | ruuq | qeruq | qarruq | qarruq | qarruq | qarruq | qarruq | qaryuq | qaryuq | qaryuq | qaryuq | qarjuq | qarjuq | qarjuk | qajjuk | katjuk | qarhuq | qarsoq | qarliq | ||
| Snow(flake) | qaniigix̂ | *qaniɣ | qanix | qanik | qanik | qaniq | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | kanik | qanik | qanik | qanik | |
| Price/Value | akiisal | *aki | aka | aki | aki | aki | aki | aki | agi | agi | aki | aki | aki | aki | aki | aki | aki | aki | aki | aki | akik | aki | agiq | |
| Hungry | haagil | *kajak | kajex | keek | kaik | kaik | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | kaak | |
| Cook | unagix̂ | *ǝɣa | ega | ega | ega | ega | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | iga | ega | inga | |
| Smoke | huyux̂s | *puju | pujex | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | puyuq | pujuq | pujuq | pujuq | pujuq | pujuk | pujuq | pujuq | pujuq | |
| Ash | utxix̂ | *aʁra | arex | aʁra | araq | araq | arra | arra | arra | arra | arra | arya | arya | arya | arya | arja | arja | arja | ajja | atjak | arhaq | arsaq | arlaq | |
| Wind | achunal | *anuqǝ | anuqa | anuqa | anuqa | anuqa | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anuri | anugik | anuri | anori | anirsiq | |
| Breath | angil | *anǝʁ- | anerte- | anernaq | anerneq | anerneq | anirniq | anirniq | aniqniq | anirniq | anirniq | anirniq | anirniq | anirniq | anirniq | anirniq | anirniq | anirniq | anirniq | aninnik | anirniq | anerneq | anirniq | |
| Name | asax̂ | *atǝʁ | atex | ateq | ateq | ateq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atiq | atik | atiq | ateq | aliq | |
| Load | husix̂ | *uci | usa | usi | uci | uci | uzi | uchi | usri | usi | uhi | usi | uhi | uhi | uhi | usi | usi | usi | usi | usik | uhi | usi | usi | |
| Water | taangax̂ | *ǝmǝʁ | mex | emeq | meq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imiq | imik | imiq | imeq | imiq | |
| Fire | qignal | *ǝknǝ- | ekn'ex | ekneq | keneq | keneq | ikniq | itniq | ikniq | igniq | ingniq | ingniq | ingniq | ingniq | ingniq | ingniq | ingniq | inniq | inniq | innik | ingniq | inneq | igivattattiq | |
| To urinate | qaalux̂ | **quʁ(r)ǝ- | qux-teqex | uraquq | qure- | qure- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | qui- | kui- | qui- | qui- | quvi- | |
| Ship, boat | ayxaasix̂ | *umi(r)a | umax | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | umiak | umiaq | umiaq | umiaq | |
| Lake | hanix̂ | *taci-ʁ | jajvex | nayvaq | nanwaq | nanvaq | navraq/teziq | navraq/tachiq | narvaq/tasriq | narvaq/tasiq | narvaq/tahiq | nayvaq/tasiq | nalvaq/tahiq | narvaq/tahiq | nagvaq/tahiq | navvaq/tasiq | navvaq/tasiq | navvaq/tasiq | navvaq/tasiq | navvak/tasik | nassak/tahiq | nassak/taseq | nattak/tasiq | |
| Sun/Day | aĝadĝix̂ | *ciqi-nǝʁ | siqinex | siqineq/mazaq | ciqineq/masaq | ciqineq/macaq | siriniq/mazaq | chiqiniq/machaq | siqiñiq/masaq | siqiñiq | hiqiñiq | siqiniq | hiqiniq | hiqiniq | hiqiniq | siqiniq | siqiniq | siqiniq | siqiniq | sikinik | hiqiniq | seqineq | siirliq | |
| Cloud | *nụvǝja | nuiya | nuwiya | nuviya | nuviya | nuvuya | nuvuya | nuvuya | nuvuya | nuvuya | nuvuja | nuvujaq | nuvujaq | nuvujaq | nuvujak | nuvujaq | nuiaq | nuviaq | ||||||
| Star | sdax̂ | *umluria | uvluriaq | uvluriaq | uvluriaq | uvluriaq | uvluriaq | ubluriaq | ubluriaq | ubluriaq | ubluriaq | ubluriaq | ulluriaq | ulluriaq | ulluriaq | ullugiak | ulluriaq | ulloriaq | utturiaq | |||||
| Earth | tanax̂ | *luna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | nuna | ||
| Hilltop | qayax̂ | *qemi | qemix | qemiq | qemiq | qemiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | qimiq | kimik | qimiq | qimeq | qimiq | |
| Tree/Wood | *napar- | napax | napartuq | napaq | napa | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtuq | napaaqtiq | napaattuq | napaattuk | uqpik/napaaqtuq | urpik/napaartoq | urpik/napaartuq | ||
| Dog barking | qihlux | *qiluɣ | qelux | qilugaq | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiluk | kiluk | qiluk | qiluk | qiliilaq | |
| And/also | ama | *amma | ama/sama | amahwa/aamta | amleq/cama | amleq/cama | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | amma | aamma | aamma | |
| Shaman | qugaaĝix̂ | *aŋalku- | angekex | angaɫkuq | angaɫquq | angalkuq | angatkuq | angatkuq | angatkuq | angatkuq | angatkuq | angatkuq | angatkuq | angatkuq | angatkuq | angakkuq | angakkuq | angakkuq | angakkuq | angakkuk | angakkuq | angakkoq | angakkiq | |
| Sky | inix̂ | *qilaɣ | qilex | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | kilak | qilak | qilak | qilak | |
| Kiss on nose/kiss | qingul | *kungik | singeq | singaq(-ghaqaa) | cingaq | cingaq | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | kunik | |
| Feather | haka | *culuk | silek | siluk | culuk | culuk | suluk | chuluk | suluk | suluk | huluk | suluk | huluk | huluk | huluk | suluk | suluk | suluk | suluk | suluk | huluk | suluk | siik | |
| Milk | mulukax | *emug, itug | ituk/emunge | ituk/emuk | muk | ituk | immuk | immuk | immuk | immuk | ituk | miluk | miluk | ituk | immuk | immuk | immuk | immuk | immuk | immuk | immuk | immuk | immuk | |
| Here it is! | wa | *uva | hwa | hwa | w'a | waniwa | uvvaa | uvvaa | uvva | uvva | uvva | uvva | uvva | uvva | uvva | uvva | uvva | uvva | uvva | uvva | uhha | uffa | uppa | |
| Kayak | iqyaq | *qyaq | qajax | qayaq | qayaq | qayaq | qayaq | qayaq | qayaq | qayaq | qayaq | qayavialuk | qayaq | qayaq | qayaq | qajaq | qajaq | qajaq | qajaq | kajak | qajaq | qajaq | saqqit | |
| Adjectives | Cold! Brrr! How cold! | ababa | *alaapaa | alap'aa | alaapa | alaappa | alaappa | alaappa | alaappa | alaappa | alaappa | alaappa | ikkii | ikkii | ikkii | ikkii | ikkii | ikkii | ikkii | ikkii | ikkii | |||
| Still/also/more | ahlii | *culi | sali | salin | cali | cali | suli | chuli | suli | suli | huli | suli | huli | huli | huli | suli | suli | suli | suli | suli | huli | suli | suli | |
| Swell | hums | *puvet | puvceqertéẋ | puuvaaquq | puge- | puve- | puit- | puit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puvit- | puik- | puiq- | |
| Long | adul | *takǝ(v) | takevaláẋ | taakǝlʁi | takequq | takequq | tagiruq | tagiruq | takiruq | takiruq | takiruq | takiyuq | takiyuq | takiyuq | takiyuq | takijuq | takijuq | takijuq | takijuq | takijuk | takihuuq | takisooq/takivoq | tagiliq | |
| Fat | ignatul | *quvi | quginaẋ | quginaq | quili | quvinaq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | quiniq | kuinik | quiniq | quineq | quiniq | |
| White | quhmax̂ | *qătǝ-ʁ | qetex | qeteq | qeteq | qeter- | qatiq | qatiq | qatiq | qatiq | qatiq | qatiq | qakuqtaq | qaquqtaq | qakuqtaq | qakuqtaq | qakuqtaq | qakuqtaq | qakutaq | kakuttak | qakuqtuq | qaqortoq | qaartiq | |
| Grey hair | qidaayux | *qirʁǝʁ | qircéreɫeẋ | qiiq | qiiq | qiiq | qiʁriq | qirʁiq | qirʁiq | qirʁi | qirʁiq | qiyriq | qiiq | qiriq | qiiq | qiiq | qiiq | qiiq | qiiq | kiik | qiiq | qeeq | qiiq | |
| Copper | kanuuyax̂ | **kanɣu-ja | kanuje | kanuya | kanuyaq | kanuyaq | kannuuyaq | kannuyaq | kannuyaq | kannguyaq | kannuyaq | kannuyaq | kannuyaq | kannuyaq | kanuhaq | kannujaq | kannujaq | kannujaq | kanusaq | kannujak | kannussaq | kanngussak | kanngutsak | |
| Numbers | 1 | ataqan | *ataʁu-ci- | ateresex | ataaziq | atauciq/atuusiq | atauciq | atausiq | atauchiq | atausriq | atausiq | atauhiq | atausiq | atauhiq | atauhiq | atauhiq | atausiq | atausiq | atausiq | atausiq | atausik | atauhiq | ataaseq | alaasiq |
| 2 | aalax̂ | *malǝʁu- | malrug | malghuk | malluk | malruk | marluuk | marluk | malruk | malruk | malruk | malruk | malruuk | malruuk | malruuk | marruuk | marruuk | marruuk | maqruuk | magguuk | marluk | marluk | martut | |
| 3 | qankun(-s) | *pingajunt | pingejug | pingayut | pingaun | pingayun | pingasut | pingachut | piñgasrut | piñgasut | piñgahut | pingasut | pingahut | pingahut | pingahut | pingasut | pingasut | pingasut | pingasut | pingasut | pingahut | pingasut | pingasit | |
| 4 | siiching | *cǝtama- | sitamij | sitamat | staamat | cetaman | sitaman | chitaman | sisaman | sisaman | hihaman | sitaman | hitaman | hihamat | hitamat | sitamat | tisamat | sitamat | sitamat | sitamat | hihamat | sisamat | siamat | |
| 5 | chaang | *taɫiman | tasímengíyi | taɫimat | taɫiman | talliman | tauliman | taliman | talliman | talliman | talliman | talliman | talliman | tallimat | tallimat | tallimat | tallimat | tallimat | tallimat | tallimat | taddimat | tallimat | tattimat | |
| 6 | atuung | *aʁvinelegh | inglex | aghvínelek | arwinlgen | arvinlegen | arwinilik | arwinilik | itchaksrat | itchaksat | itchakhat | arvinillik | arvinillik | arviniq | arvinraq | arviniqtut | arviniliit | pingasuujuqtut | pingasuujurtut | pingasuujuttut | arhiniddit | arfinillit | arpiniit | |
| 10 | hatix̂ | *qulǝ(ŋ) | qulex? | qula | qulin | qula | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | qulit | kulit | qulit | qulit | qutit | |
| Aleut | Proto-Eskimo | Sirenik | Siberian Yupik | Alutiiq | Yup'ik | Seward Inupiaq | Qawiaraq | Malimiutun Inupiaq | North Slope Inupiaq | Uummarmiutun | Siglitun | Inuinnaqtun | Natsilik | Kivalliq | Aivilik | North Baffin | South Baffin | Inuktitut (Nunavik) | Labrador Inuttut | North Greenlandic | West Greenlandic | East Greenlandic |