Appendix:Cognate sets for Dravidian languages

Numerals

The numerals from 1 to 10 in various Dravidian languages.

Number	Southern 1 Dravidian								Southern 2 Dravidian					Central Dravidian				Northern Dravidian			Proto-Dravidian
	Tamil	Malayalam	Kannada	Irula	Kodava	Toda	Kota	Tulu	Telugu	Gondi	Konda	Kui	Kuvi	Kolami	Naiki	Ollari	Dhurwa	Kurukh	Malto	Brahui
1	on̠r̠u, oṇṇŭ 5	onnŭ	ondu	öṇḍu	ondï	wïd̠	od̠	onji	okaṭi, oṇḍu	undi	unṟi	ro	roṇḍi	okkod	okkod	okut	okti, ok	oṇḍ	ēk, ort 7	asiṭ	*onṯu (1)
2	iraṇṭu, reṇḍŭ 5	raṇḍŭ	eraḍu		daṇḍï	ēḍ	eyḏ	eraḍŭ, iraḍŭ	reṇḍu	raṇḍ	ruṇḍi	rī, rīṇḍe, rīṇḍi	riṇḍi, rai, ri	indiŋ, eraṇḍi	indiŋ, eraṇḍi	ir	irḍu, irul, iral	eṇṛ	dū, iwr 7	irāṭ	*iraṇṭu (1)
3	mūn̠r̠u, mūṇŭ 5	mūnnŭ	mūru	mü·ṇḍu	mūndï	mūd̠	mūnd̠	mūji	mūḍu, mūnṟu⁸	mūṇḍ	mūnṟi	mūnji	tīni*	mūndiŋ	mūndiŋ	mūṇḍ	mū̃duk	mūnd	tīn 7	musiṭ	*muHnt̠u
4	nālu, nālku, nān̠ku, nālŭ 5	nālŭ, nāṅgŭ	nālku		nālï	nōng	nāng	nālŭ	nālugu, nāluṅgu⁸	nāluṅg	nālgi	nālgi	sāri*	nāliŋ	nāliŋ	nālu(k)	nlagur	nāx	cār 7	čār*	*nāl, *nālnk(k)V, *nānk(k)V
5	aintu, añjŭ 5	añjŭ	aidu		añji	üɀ	anj	ayinŭ, ainŭ	aidu, ēnu⁹	saiyuṅg, hayuṅ		sēŋgi, siŋgi	pāso*	ayd 2, sēndi	ayd 2, sēndi		cē̃duk	pañcē*	pānc 7	panč*	*caymtu
6	ār̠u, āru ⁵	ār̠ŭ	āru		ārï	ōr̠	ār	āji	āru, āṟu⁸	sāruṅg, hāruṅg		sajgi	sō*	ār 2,sādi	ār 2,sādi			soy*	cē 7	šaš*	*cāṯu
7	ēẓu, yēḷŭ 5	ēẓŭ	ēḷu	ö·ḷu	ë·ḷï	öw	ēy, ēg	ēḍŭ, ēlŭ, ēḷŭ	ēḍu, ēẓu⁸	yeḍuṅg, ēṛuṅg		odgi, oḍ, oḍgi	sāto*	ēẓ 2				say*	sāt 7	haft*	*eẓu
8	eṭṭu	eṭṭŭ	eṇṭu	ëṭu	ëṭṭï	öṭ	eṭ	enma, eṇma, eḍma	eṁdi, eṇimidi⁸	aṛmur			āṭo*nūr eṁdi 2				āx*	āṭ 7	hašt*	*eṇṭṭu
9	on̠patu 3 4, ombadŭ 5	on̠badŭ, ombadŭ 4	ombattu 4		ombay 4	wïnboθ 4	onbād 4	ormba 4	tommidi, toṇbidi⁸	unmāk			nō*	toṁdi 2				nāy*	nau 7	nōh*	*toḷ, toṇ
10	pattu	pattŭ	hattu		pattï	pot	pat	pattŭ	padi	pad			dosso*	padi 2				doy*	das 7	dah*	*paHtu
100	nūr̠u, nūru ⁵	nūr̠ŭ	nūru		nūrï	nūṛ	nūr	nūdu	nūru, nūṟu⁸	nūr			pāso kōṛi*	nūr̠				dāyedoy*	sau, pānc kōṛi 7	sad*	*nūṯ

1. There is an adjectival version for the number one and two in Tamil and Malayalam, oru and iru. Oru is used as an indefinite article meaning "a" and also when the number is an adjective followed by a noun (as in "one person") as opposed to when it is a noun (as in "How many are there?" "One"). Iru as in irupatu (20, literally meaning "double-ten"), iravai (20 in Telugu), or "iraṭṭi" ("double") or Iruvar (meaning two people).
2. The Kolami numbers 5 to 10 are borrowed from Telugu.
3. The word toṇṭu was also used to refer to the number nine in ancient Sangam Tamil texts but was later completely replaced by the word oṉpatu.
4. These forms are derived from "one (less than) ten". Proto-Dravidian *toḷ/*toṇ (which could mean 9 or 9/10) is still used in Tamil and Malayalam as the basis of numbers such as 90 and 900, toṇṇūṟu (⁹⁄₁₀*100 = 90) as well as the Kannada tombattu (9*10 = 90).
5. Because of shared sound changes that have happened over the years in the majority of the Tamil dialects, the numbers have different colloquial pronunciations, seen here to the right of their written, formal pronunciations.
6. In languages with words for one starts with ok(k)- it was taken from *okk- which originally meant "to be united" and not a numeral, Kui got its word from *oru which was the adjective form of *ont̠u.
7. Apart from ort and iwr all of the remaining numbers in Malto are loaned from Indo-Aryan languages; while counting 1 and 2, ēk and dū are used and as adjectival ort and iwr are used. Despite Dravidian languages usually being decimal, older speakers use a vigesimal number system based on Munda languages where each 20 is counted as a kōṛi so 100 as 5 kōṛis. Younger speakers tend to a Indo-Aryan based decimal system.
8. Archaic versions of Telugu numerals were found in literature and inscriptions.
9. ēnu of Telugu is archaic and is retained in the numerals like: padi-hēnu, yābhai (< ēn-padi) etc.

• Words indicated * are borrowings, mainly from Indo-Iranian languages (in Brahui's case, from Balochi).
• Telugu is the only Dravidian language to have a native word for 'thousand' : vēyi. The South Dravidian-1 languages borrowed sahasra as āyiram/sāvira.