Appendix:Alemannic German pronunciation

See also: Help:IPA/Alemannic German, Bernese German phonology, and Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet

Convention

Independent of the underlying phonology, a purely IPA-related convention for how to transcribe the difference between fortis and lenis consonants has to be agreed upon. We chose the following system, which is also used by (sometimes) Dieth (1950), Willi (1995, 1996), and (for broad transcriptions) Fleischer, Schmid (2006):

lenis	b̥	d̥	ɡ̊	v̥	z̥	ʒ̊	ɣ̊	ʁ̥
fortis	p	t	k	f	s	ʃ	x	χ

Phonemes

IPA (broad) IPA (narrow) Examples Distribution Sometimes merged into... Consonants /m/ [m] zäme everywhere /mː/ [mː] Hammer everywhere, especially young people /m/ /n/ [n] Haane everywhere /nː/ [nː] Sunne everywhere, especially young people /n/ /ŋ/ [ŋ] lang everywhere /ŋː/ [ŋː] länger everywhere, especially young people /ŋ/ /b̥/ [b̥] Huube everywhere /p/ [p] huupe everywhere /pʰ/ [pʰ] Phack at least in northern and eastern Switzerland /pː/ [pː] öppe at least in Bern and eastern Switzerland /p/ /d̥/ [d̥] Lade everywhere /t/ [t] Tag everywhere /tʰ/ [tʰ] Thee everywhere /tː/ [tː] Latte at least in Bern and eastern Switzerland /t/ /ɡ̊/ [ɡ̊] luege everywhere /k/ [k] Gfüül everywhere? /kʰ/ [kʰ] gheie at least in Bern /k͡x/ /kː/ [kː] Rugge at least in Bern and eastern Switzerland /k/ /ʔ/ [ʔ] naʔa everywhere /p͡f/ [p͡f] Pfiil everywhere /t͡s/ [t͡s] Ziit everywhere /t͡ʃ/ [t͡ʃ] tschau everywhere /k͡x/ [k͡x] Gschänk in most High and Highest Alemannic dialects /kʰ/ [k͡χ] Gschänk ? [q͡χ] kai ? /v̥/ [v̥] Ofe everywhere, except... [v] Vuus ...Issime /f/ [f] schnuufe everywhere /fː/ [fː] träffe at least in Bern and eastern Switzerland /f/ /z̥/ [z̥] Hase everywhere? /s/ [s] Iis everywhere /sː/ [sː] hasse at least in Bern and eastern Switzerland /s/ /ʃ/ [ʃ] schloo everywhere /ʃː/ [ʃː] Äsche at least in Bern and eastern Switzerland /ʃ/ /x/ [ç] Milch some Low Alemannic dialects, some Liechtenstein dialects [x], [χ] [ɣ̊] chlopfe ? [x], [χ] [x] lache ? [χ] [ʁ̥] Chrut ? [x], [χ] [χ] choo in most High and Highest Alemannic dialects [x] /xː/ [xː] lache at least Simmental /x/ [χː] lache at least in Bern and eastern Switzerland /h/ [h] haa everywhere /ʋ/ [ʋ] Wält everywhere /l/ [l] moole everywhere [ɫ] Wält some dialects in Bern, Solothurn and central Switzerland /lː/ [lː] Müller everywhere /l/ [ɫː] alles some dialects in Bern, Solothurn and central Switzerland /r/ [r] [ɾ] [ʀ] [ʁ] [ʁ̥] [ʁ̞] [ʕ] Thurgau, St. Gallen city Suprasegmentals /ˈ/ [ˈ] TODO everywhere /ˌ/ [ˌ] Minimal pairs Phoneme group Phoneme 1 Phoneme 2 Word 1 Word 2 Distribution voiceless bilabial plosive /b̥/ /p/ Huube huupe at least in northern and eastern Switzerland /b̥/ /pʰ/ Biss piss at least in northern and eastern Switzerland /b̥/ /pː/ knaber knapper at least in eastern Switzerland voiceless alveolar plosive /d̥/ /t/ dobe tobe at least in northern and eastern Switzerland /d̥/ /tʰ/ D (letter name) Thee at least in northern and eastern Switzerland /d̥/ /tː/ Lade Latte at least in eastern Switzerland glottal stop /ʔ/ ∅ haʔa haa everywhere fricatives /x/ /h/ chalt halt everywhere liquids /l/ /r/ Luus Ruus everywhere References