-դ

See also: դ, գ, Դ, դ., and Appendix:Variations of "d"

Armenian

Etymology

From Old Armenian -դ (-d).

Pronunciation

(following a vowel:)

• (Eastern Armenian) IPA^(key): /d/, [d]
  • (Eastern Armenian, colloquial) IPA^(key): /t/, [t]
• (Western Armenian) IPA^(key): /t/, [tʰ]

(following a consonant:)

• (Eastern Armenian) IPA^(key): /əd/, [əd]
  • (Eastern Armenian, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ət/, [ət]
• (Western Armenian) IPA^(key): /ət/, [ətʰ]

Suffix

-դ • (-d)

1. a possessive suffix marking 2nd person possession

   գիրքդ ― girkʻd ― your book

   գնալդ ― gnald ― your going

   ձեռքերովդ ― jeṙkʻerovd ― with your hands

   1. co-occurs with postpositions in pseudo-possessive meaning identifying the location in the 2nd person

      մոտդ ― motd ― with you/at you/near you

      վրադ ― vrad ― on you

2. a personal suffix used to refer to the 2nd person as an agent; found in idioms and certain constructions

   դու ինքդ ― du inkʻd ― you yourself

   Դուք՝ առաջավորներդ, պիտի օգնեք մեզ՝ ետ մնացողներիս։

   Dukʻ, aṙaǰavornerd, piti ōgnekʻ mez, et mnacʻoġneris.

   You, the advanced ones, have to help us, the backward ones.

See also

• -ս (-s)

References

• Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009) Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian (London Oriental and African Language Library; 14), Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 112–116

Old Armenian

Etymology

From *դո- (*do-).

Suffix

-դ • (-d)

1. this, that (near the second person)

   կորուսեր զհոգիդ եւ զինչսդ ― koruser zhogid ew zinčʻsd ― you have lost your soul and your property

   արձակեա՛ զժողովուրդդ ― arjakeá zžołovurdd ― let this or the people go!

   որ խոսիդ ընդ քեզ ― or xosid ənd kʻez ― he who talks to you

2. (personal pronoun) thou, thee, you

   սուրբդ սրբոց ― surbd srbocʻ ― you who are the holy of holy ones

Usage notes

-ս (-s), -դ (-d) and -ն (-n) form a three-way deictic contrast. -s shows an object close to the speaker, -d close to the second person, -n close to the third person.

Descendants

• Armenian: -դ (-d)

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “դ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
• Gočanean, Pōġos (2011) Dasakan grabari gorcnakan kʻerakanutʻiwn [Practical Grammar of Classical Old Armenian]‎^[1] (in Armenian), Vienna and Yerevan: Mekhitarist Press, pages 24–25
• Godel, Robert (1975) An introduction to the study of classical Armenian, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 107
• Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “դ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy