곱다

Korean

Etymology 1

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 곱〯다〮 (Yale: kwǒptá).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈko̞(ː)p̚t͈a̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [곱(ː)따]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	gopda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	gobda
McCune–Reischauer?	kopta
Yale Romanization?	kōpta

Adjective

곱다 • (gopda) (irregular, infinitive 고와, sequential 고우니)

1. (literary, dated for a person) beautiful, pretty, lovely, nice

   고운 아가씨

   goun agassi

   a fair lady

   고운 노랫가락

   goun noraetgarak

   beautiful tunes of music

2. (literary) to be soft to the touch

   고운 손결

   goun son'gyeol

   the soft touch of her hand

3. (literary) to be innocently kind-hearted

   고운 마음씨

   goun ma'eumssi

   a kind heart

4. to be sheltered (chiefly adverbial)

   너무 곱게 자라서 요리도 못해.

   Neomu gopge jaraseo yori-do mothae.

   He grew up too sheltered, so he can't even cook.

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the adjective 곱다 (gopda): consonant-stem, ㅂ(b)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	곱다 gopda	고와 gowa	고와요 gowayo	곱습니다 gopseumnida
	Past	고왔다 gowatda	고왔어 gowasseo	고왔어요 gowasseoyo	고왔습니다 gowatseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	고우냐 gounya	고와 gowa	고와요 gowayo	곱습니까 gopseumnikka
	Past	고왔냐 gowannya	고왔어 gowasseo	고왔어요 gowasseoyo	고왔습니까 gowatseumnikka
Assertive		곱겠다 gopgetda	곱겠어 gopgesseo	곱겠어요 gopgesseoyo	곱겠습니다 gopgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		고와 gowa	고와서 gowaseo	고우니 gouni	고우니까 gounikka
Contrast		곱지만 gopjiman	고운데 gounde	곱더니 gopdeoni
Conjunction		곱고 gopgo
Condition		고우면 goumyeon	고와야 gowaya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		고움 goum	곱기 gopgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		고왔음 gowasseum	고왔기 gowatgi
Determiners	Present		고운 goun
	Future		고울 goul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	고우시다 gousida	고우셔 gousyeo	고우세요, 고우셔요 gouseyo, gousyeoyo	고우십니다 gousimnida
	Past	고우셨다 gousyeotda	고우셨어 gousyeosseo	고우셨어요 gousyeosseoyo	고우셨습니다 gousyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	고우시냐 gousinya	고우셔 gousyeo	고우세요, 고우셔요 gouseyo, gousyeoyo	고우십니까 gousimnikka
	Past	고우셨냐 gousyeonnya	고우셨어 gousyeosseo	고우셨어요 gousyeosseoyo	고우셨습니까 gousyeotseumnikka
Assertive		고우시겠다 gousigetda	고우시겠어 gousigesseo	고우시겠어요 gousigesseoyo	고우시겠습니다 gousigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		고우셔 gousyeo	고우셔서 gousyeoseo	고우시니 gousini	고우시니까 gousinikka
Contrast		고우시지만 gousijiman	고우신데 gousinde	고우시더니 gousideoni
Conjunction		고우시고 gousigo
Condition		고우시면 gousimyeon	고우셔야 gousyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		고우심 gousim	고우시기 gousigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		고우셨음 gousyeosseum	고우셨기 gousyeotgi
Determiners	Present		고우신 gousin
	Future		고우실 gousil

Etymology 2

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 곱다〮 (Yale: kwòptá).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ko̞p̚t͈a̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [곱따]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	gopda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	gobda
McCune–Reischauer?	kopta
Yale Romanization?	kopta

Adjective

곱다 • (gopda) (infinitive 곱아, sequential 곱으니)

1. to be crooked, be hunched, be curved

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the adjective 곱다 (gopda): consonant-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	곱다 gopda	곱아 goba	곱아요 gobayo	곱습니다 gopseumnida
	Past	곱았다 gobatda	곱았어 gobasseo	곱았어요 gobasseoyo	곱았습니다 gobatseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	곱으냐 gobeunya	곱아 goba	곱아요 gobayo	곱습니까 gopseumnikka
	Past	곱았냐 gobannya	곱았어 gobasseo	곱았어요 gobasseoyo	곱았습니까 gobatseumnikka
Assertive		곱겠다 gopgetda	곱겠어 gopgesseo	곱겠어요 gopgesseoyo	곱겠습니다 gopgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		곱아 goba	곱아서 gobaseo	곱으니 gobeuni	곱으니까 gobeunikka
Contrast		곱지만 gopjiman	곱은데 gobeunde	곱더니 gopdeoni
Conjunction		곱고 gopgo
Condition		곱으면 gobeumyeon	곱아야 gobaya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		곱음 gobeum	곱기 gopgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		곱았음 gobasseum	곱았기 gobatgi
Determiners	Present		곱은 gobeun
	Future		곱을 gobeul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	곱으시다 gobeusida	곱으셔 gobeusyeo	곱으세요, 곱으셔요 gobeuseyo, gobeusyeoyo	곱으십니다 gobeusimnida
	Past	곱으셨다 gobeusyeotda	곱으셨어 gobeusyeosseo	곱으셨어요 gobeusyeosseoyo	곱으셨습니다 gobeusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	곱으시냐 gobeusinya	곱으셔 gobeusyeo	곱으세요, 곱으셔요 gobeuseyo, gobeusyeoyo	곱으십니까 gobeusimnikka
	Past	곱으셨냐 gobeusyeonnya	곱으셨어 gobeusyeosseo	곱으셨어요 gobeusyeosseoyo	곱으셨습니까 gobeusyeotseumnikka
Assertive		곱으시겠다 gobeusigetda	곱으시겠어 gobeusigesseo	곱으시겠어요 gobeusigesseoyo	곱으시겠습니다 gobeusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		곱으셔 gobeusyeo	곱으셔서 gobeusyeoseo	곱으시니 gobeusini	곱으시니까 gobeusinikka
Contrast		곱으시지만 gobeusijiman	곱으신데 gobeusinde	곱으시더니 gobeusideoni
Conjunction		곱으시고 gobeusigo
Condition		곱으시면 gobeusimyeon	곱으셔야 gobeusyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		곱으심 gobeusim	곱으시기 gobeusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		곱으셨음 gobeusyeosseum	곱으셨기 gobeusyeotgi
Determiners	Present		곱으신 gobeusin
	Future		곱으실 gobeusil

References

• National Institute of the Korean Language (Naver.com mirror) (2007 May 27 (last accessed)) “곱다 [gopda]”, in 표준국어대사전 [pyojun'gugeodaesajeon]‎^[1]