거칠다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459. as Middle Korean 거츨다 (kechulta), from reconstructed Old Korean *kechil, hypothesized on the evidence of proper noun alternation in the twelfth-century history Samguk sagi where the phonogramic sequence 居柒 (*kɨʌ t͡sʰiɪt̚) alternates with the logogram 萊 (“uncultivated”) in the names of places and individuals.^[1]

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kʌ̹t͡ɕʰiɭda̠]
Phonetic hangul: [거칠다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	geochilda
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	geochilda
McCune–Reischauer^?	kŏch'ilda
Yale Romanization^?	ke.chilta

Adjective

거칠다 • (geochilda) (infinitive 거칠어, sequential 거치니)

to be rough or coarse in texture
to be rough or coarse in manner
그녀는 거친 운동을 싫어해요.
Geunyeo-neun geochin undong-eul sireohaeyo.
She hates rough (violent) sports.
(of a landscape or seascape) to be wild or desolate

Conjugation

Selected forms of the adjective 거칠다 (geochilda): consonant-stem, ㄹ(l)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	거칠다 geochilda	거칠어 geochireo	거칠어요 geochireoyo	거칩니다 geochimnida
Indicative	Past	거칠었다 geochireotda	거칠었어 geochireosseo	거칠었어요 geochireosseoyo	거칠었습니다 geochireotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	거치냐 geochinya	거칠어 geochireo	거칠어요 geochireoyo	거칩니까 geochimnikka
Interrogative	Past	거칠었냐 geochireonnya	거칠었어 geochireosseo	거칠었어요 geochireosseoyo	거칠었습니까 geochireotseumnikka
Assertive		거칠겠다 geochilgetda	거칠겠어 geochilgesseo	거칠겠어요 geochilgesseoyo	거칠겠습니다 geochilgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		거칠어 geochireo	거칠어서 geochireoseo	거치니 geochini	거치니까 geochinikka
Contrast		거칠지만 geochiljiman	거친데 geochinde	거칠더니 geochildeoni
Conjunction		거칠고 geochilgo
Condition		거칠면 geochilmyeon	거칠어야 geochireoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		거칢 geochim	거칠기 geochilgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		거칠었음 geochireosseum	거칠었기 geochireotgi
Determiners	Present		거친 geochin
Determiners	Future		거칠 geochil

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	거치시다 geochisida	거치셔 geochisyeo	거치세요, 거치셔요 geochiseyo, geochisyeoyo	거치십니다 geochisimnida
Indicative	Past	거치셨다 geochisyeotda	거치셨어 geochisyeosseo	거치셨어요 geochisyeosseoyo	거치셨습니다 geochisyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	거치시냐 geochisinya	거치셔 geochisyeo	거치세요, 거치셔요 geochiseyo, geochisyeoyo	거치십니까 geochisimnikka
Interrogative	Past	거치셨냐 geochisyeonnya	거치셨어 geochisyeosseo	거치셨어요 geochisyeosseoyo	거치셨습니까 geochisyeotseumnikka
Assertive		거치시겠다 geochisigetda	거치시겠어 geochisigesseo	거치시겠어요 geochisigesseoyo	거치시겠습니다 geochisigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		거치셔 geochisyeo	거치셔서 geochisyeoseo	거치시니 geochisini	거치시니까 geochisinikka
Contrast		거치시지만 geochisijiman	거치신데 geochisinde	거치시더니 geochisideoni
Conjunction		거치시고 geochisigo
Condition		거치시면 geochisimyeon	거치셔야 geochisyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		거치심 geochisim	거치시기 geochisigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		거치셨음 geochisyeosseum	거치셨기 geochisyeotgi
Determiners	Present		거치신 geochisin
Determiners	Future		거치실 geochisil

References

^ “『三国史記』記載の新羅の地名・人名等より見た古代新羅語の考察 (On the Ancient Language of Shiragi as Reflected in Shiragi Place- and Personal Names in The Sangokushiki)”, in 文藝言語研究. 言語篇 5‎^[1], 1981 March, pages 52-53

[1] “『三国史記』記載の新羅の地名・人名等より見た古代新羅語の考察 (On the Ancient Language of Shiragi as Reflected in Shiragi Place- and Personal Names in The Sangokushiki)”, in 文藝言語研究. 言語篇 5‎^[1], 1981 March, pages 52-53

[1]