갈닦다
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]갈 (gal-, “to hone”) + 닦다 (dakda, “to polish”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈka̠(ː)ɭda̠k̚t͈a̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [갈(ː)닥따]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | galdakda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | galdakkda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kaldakta |
| Yale Romanization? | kāltakkta |
Verb
[edit]갈닦다 • (galdakda) (infinitive 갈닦아, sequential 갈닦으니) (transitive)
- to rub, to polish (a stone or jade)
- Synonym of 갈고닦다 (galgodakda, “to hone, to cultivate, to develop, to improve (a skill, talent, ability, etc.)”)
Conjugation
[edit] Selected forms of the verb 갈닦다 (galdakda): consonant-stem, regular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 갈닦는다 galdangneunda |
갈닦아 galdakka |
갈닦아요 galdakkayo |
갈닦습니다 galdakseumnida |
| Past | 갈닦았다 galdakkatda |
갈닦았어 galdakkasseo |
갈닦았어요 galdakkasseoyo |
갈닦았습니다 galdakkatseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 갈닦느냐 galdangneunya |
갈닦아 galdakka |
갈닦아요 galdakkayo |
갈닦습니까 galdakseumnikka |
| Past | 갈닦았느냐 galdakkanneunya |
갈닦았어 galdakkasseo |
갈닦았어요 galdakkasseoyo |
갈닦았습니까 galdakkatseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 갈닦자 galdakja |
갈닦아 galdakka |
갈닦아요 galdakkayo |
갈닦으십시다 galdakkeusipsida | |
| Imperative | 갈닦아라 galdakkara |
갈닦아 galdakka |
갈닦아요 galdakkayo |
갈닦읍시오 galdakkeupsio | |
| Assertive | 갈닦겠다 galdakgetda |
갈닦겠어 galdakgesseo |
갈닦겠어요 galdakgesseoyo |
갈닦겠습니다 galdakgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 갈닦아 galdakka |
갈닦아서 galdakkaseo |
갈닦으니 galdakkeuni |
갈닦으니까 galdakkeunikka | |
| Contrast | 갈닦지만 galdakjiman |
갈닦는데 galdangneunde |
갈닦더니 galdakdeoni |
||
| Conjunction | 갈닦고 galdakgo |
||||
| Condition | 갈닦으면 galdakkeumyeon |
갈닦아야 galdakkaya |
|||
| Motive | 갈닦으려고 galdakkeuryeogo |
||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 갈닦음 galdakkeum |
갈닦기 galdakgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 갈닦았음 galdakkasseum |
갈닦았기 galdakkatgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 갈닦은 galdakkeun | |||
| Present | 갈닦는 galdangneun | ||||
| Future | 갈닦을 galdakkeul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 갈닦으신다 galdakkeusinda |
갈닦으셔 galdakkeusyeo |
갈닦으세요, 갈닦으셔요 galdakkeuseyo, galdakkeusyeoyo |
갈닦으십니다 galdakkeusimnida |
| Past | 갈닦으셨다 galdakkeusyeotda |
갈닦으셨어 galdakkeusyeosseo |
갈닦으셨어요 galdakkeusyeosseoyo |
갈닦으셨습니다 galdakkeusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 갈닦으시느냐 galdakkeusineunya |
갈닦으셔 galdakkeusyeo |
갈닦으세요, 갈닦으셔요 galdakkeuseyo, galdakkeusyeoyo |
갈닦으십니까 galdakkeusimnikka |
| Past | 갈닦으셨느냐 galdakkeusyeonneunya |
갈닦으셨어 galdakkeusyeosseo |
갈닦으셨어요 galdakkeusyeosseoyo |
갈닦으셨습니까 galdakkeusyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 갈닦으시라 galdakkeusira |
갈닦으셔 galdakkeusyeo |
갈닦으세요 galdakkeuseyo |
갈닦으십시오 galdakkeusipsio | |
| Assertive | 갈닦으시겠다 galdakkeusigetda |
갈닦으시겠어 galdakkeusigesseo |
갈닦으시겠어요 galdakkeusigesseoyo |
갈닦으시겠습니다 galdakkeusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 갈닦으셔 galdakkeusyeo |
갈닦으셔서 galdakkeusyeoseo |
갈닦으시니 galdakkeusini |
갈닦으시니까 galdakkeusinikka | |
| Contrast | 갈닦으시지만 galdakkeusijiman |
갈닦으시는데 galdakkeusineunde |
갈닦으시더니 galdakkeusideoni |
||
| Conjunction | 갈닦으시고 galdakkeusigo |
||||
| Condition | 갈닦으시면 galdakkeusimyeon |
갈닦으셔야 galdakkeusyeoya |
|||
| Motive | 갈닦으시려고 galdakkeusiryeogo |
||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 갈닦으심 galdakkeusim |
갈닦으시기 galdakkeusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 갈닦으셨음 galdakkeusyeosseum |
갈닦으셨기 galdakkeusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 갈닦으신 galdakkeusin | |||
| Present | 갈닦으시는 galdakkeusineun | ||||
| Future | 갈닦으실 galdakkeusil | ||||