Because this verb is almost always found as a stative or a verbal noun, it is difficult to determine whether it means ‘to roast (something)’ or ‘to be roasted’. The latter is suggested by a sentence at Edfu VIII 89.1 where the verb is used in the perfect with a subject referring to what is roasted: jwꜣw mꜣw-ḥḏ rꜣw wnj-mw ꜣšr.n.sn ḥr ḫꜣwt.k(“Cattle, gazelles, geese, enemies, they have been roasted on your altar.”).
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.
