ꜣšr

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑʃɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: asher

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive, chiefly in the stative, of meat, figs, or bread) to be(come) roasted, to roast [since the Pyramid Texts]

Usage notes

Because this verb is almost always found as a stative or a verbal noun, it is difficult to determine whether it means ‘to roast (something)’ or ‘to be roasted’. The latter is suggested by a sentence at Edfu VIII 89.1 where the verb is used in the perfect with a subject referring to what is roasted: jwꜣw mꜣw-ḥḏ rꜣw wnj-mw ꜣšr.n.sn ḥr ḫꜣwt.k (“Cattle, gazelles, geese, enemies, they have been roasted on your altar.”).

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜣšr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ꜣšr, geminated stem: ꜣšrr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜣšr	ꜣšrw, ꜣšr	ꜣšrt	ꜣšr	ꜣšr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜣšr	ḥr ꜣšr	m ꜣšr	r ꜣšr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	ꜣšr.n	consecutive	ꜣšr.jn
terminative	ꜣšrt
perfective3	ꜣšr	obligative1	ꜣšr.ḫr
imperfective	ꜣšr
prospective3	ꜣšr	potentialis1	ꜣšr.kꜣ
subjunctive	ꜣšr

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	ꜣšr.n	—	—
perfective	ꜣšr	ꜣšr	ꜣšr, ꜣšrw5, ꜣšry5
imperfective	ꜣšr, ꜣšry, ꜣšrw5	ꜣšr, ꜣšrj6, ꜣšry6	ꜣšr, ꜣšrw5
prospective	ꜣšr, ꜣšrtj7	ꜣšrtj4, ꜣšrt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• t ꜣšr
• ꜣšrt

Noun

 m

1. roast meat, including burnt offerings [since the Middle Kingdom]

Inflection

Declension of ꜣšr (masculine)

singular	ꜣšr
dual	ꜣšrwj
plural	ꜣšrw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣšr  

ꜣšr	jšr	jšr	jšr
	[Late Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 21.4–21.9
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 6