苦しむ
Appearance
Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
苦 |
くる Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE[1] and related to 苦しい (kurushii, “painful, suffering”). See that entry for more details.
-mu is an auxiliary suffix of becoming the specified state.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「苦しむ」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
苦しむ | くるしむ | [kùrúshíꜜmù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 苦しめ | くるしめ | [kùrúshíꜜmè] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 苦しまれる | くるしまれる | [kùrúshímáréꜜrù] |
Causative | 苦しませる | くるしませる | [kùrúshímáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 苦しめる | くるしめる | [kùrúshíméꜜrù] |
Volitional | 苦しもう | くるしもー | [kùrúshímóꜜò] |
Negative | 苦しまない | くるしまない | [kùrúshímáꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 苦しまなかった | くるしまなかった | [kùrúshímáꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 苦しみます | くるしみます | [kùrúshímímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 苦しんだ | くるしんだ | [kùrúshíꜜǹdà] |
Conjunctive | 苦しんで | くるしんで | [kùrúshíꜜǹdè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 苦しめば | くるしめば | [kùrúshíꜜmèbà] |
Verb
[edit]苦しむ • (kurushimu) intransitive godan (stem 苦しみ (kurushimi), past 苦しんだ (kurushinda))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 苦しめる |
mediopassive | 苦しむ |
- suffer, struggle with, be tormented by
- 2011, Barack Obama, 中東と北アフリカに関するバラク・オバマの演説, translation of "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa":
- それは占領の屈辱に苦しむことを、そして自分の国に住んでいないことを意味してきた。
- Sore wa senryō no kutsujoku ni kurushimu koto o, soshite jibun no kuni ni sunde inai koto o imi shite kita.
- For Palestinians, it has meant suffering the humiliation of occupation, and never living in a nation of their own.
- それは占領の屈辱に苦しむことを、そして自分の国に住んでいないことを意味してきた。
- 2011, Barack Obama, 中東と北アフリカに関するバラク・オバマの演説, translation of "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa":
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "苦しむ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 苦しま | くるしま | kurushima |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 苦しみ | くるしみ | kurushimi |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 苦しむ | くるしむ | kurushimu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 苦しむ | くるしむ | kurushimu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 苦しめ | くるしめ | kurushime |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 苦しめ | くるしめ | kurushime |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 苦しまれる | くるしまれる | kurushimareru |
Causative | 苦しませる 苦します |
くるしませる くるします |
kurushimaseru kurushimasu |
Potential | 苦しめる | くるしめる | kurushimeru |
Volitional | 苦しもう | くるしもう | kurushimō |
Negative | 苦しまない | くるしまない | kurushimanai |
Negative continuative | 苦しまず | くるしまず | kurushimazu |
Formal | 苦しみます | くるしみます | kurushimimasu |
Perfective | 苦しんだ | くるしんだ | kurushinda |
Conjunctive | 苦しんで | くるしんで | kurushinde |
Hypothetical conditional | 苦しめば | くるしめば | kurushimeba |
References
[edit]- ^ “苦”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 苦 read as くる
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese godan verbs
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -mu
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples