背負う

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Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
背 負
せ
Grade: 6 		お
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Compound of 背 (se, “back”) +‎ 負う (ou, “to carry or bear something”).[1][2][3][4][5]

First cited in the early 1200s.[1]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「背負う」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		背負う せおう [sèóꜜù]
Imperative (命令形) 背負え せおえ [sèóꜜè]
Key constructions
Passive 背負われる せおわれる [sèówáréꜜrù]
Causative 背負わせる せおわせる [sèówáséꜜrù]
Potential 背負える せおえる [sèóéꜜrù]
Volitional 背負おう せおおー [sèóóꜜò]
Negative 背負わない せおわない [sèówáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 背負わなかった せおわなかった [sèówáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 背負います せおいます [sèóímáꜜsù]
Perfective 背負った せおった [sèóꜜttà]
Conjunctive 背負って せおって [sèóꜜttè]
Hypothetical conditional 背負えば せおえば [sèóꜜèbà]

Verb

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背(せ)負(お)う • (seou) ←せおふ (seofu)?godan (stem 背(せ)負(お)い (seoi), past 背(せ)負(お)った (seotta))

  1. [from early 1200s] to be burdened with, to carry on back or shoulder
Conjugation
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Conjugation of "背負う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 背負わ せおわ seowa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 背負い せおい seoi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 背負う せおう seou
Rentaikei ("attributive") 背負う せおう seou
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 背負え せおえ seoe
Meireikei ("imperative") 背負え せおえ seoe
Key constructions
Passive 背負われる せおわれる seowareru
Causative 背負わせる
背負わす 		せおわせる
せおわす 		seowaseru
seowasu
Potential 背負える せおえる seoeru
Volitional 背負おう せおおう seoō
Negative 背負わない せおわない seowanai
Negative continuative 背負わず せおわず seowazu
Formal 背負います せおいます seoimasu
Perfective 背負った せおった seotta
Conjunctive 背負って せおって seotte
Hypothetical conditional 背負えば せおえば seoeba
Classical conjugation of "背負ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 背負は せおは seofa
Continuative (連用形) 背負ひ せおひ seofi
Terminal (終止形) 背負ふ せおふ seofu
Attributive (連体形) 背負ふ せおふ seofu
Realis (已然形) 背負へ せおへ seofe
Imperative (命令形) 背負へ せおへ seofe
Key constructions
Negative 背負はず せおはず seofazu
Contrasting conjunction 背負へど せおへど seofedo
Causal conjunction 背負へば せおへば seofeba
Conditional conjunction 背負はば せおはば seofaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 背負ひき せおひき seofiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 背負ひけり せおひけり seofikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 背負ひつ せおひつ seofitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 背負ひぬ せおひぬ seofinu
Perfect-continuative tense 背負へり
背負ひたり		 せおへり
せおひたり		 seoferi
seofitari
Volitional 背負はむ せおはむ seofamu

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
背 負
しょ
Grade: 6 Grade: 3
irregular

Phonological shift from 背負う (seou),[1][2][3][4][5] as the /se/ sound was formerly pronounced more like /ɕe/, as recorded in the Nippo Jisho of 1603. This Japanese-Portuguese dictionary transcribes all instances of せ (se) using the then-current Portuguese orthography of ⟨xe⟩, where the ⟨x⟩ spelling indicated [ʃ], similar to the initial consonant sound in English shed.

  • /ɕeou/ → /ɕjou/ → /ɕʲou/

This reading is first attested in a text from 1278.[1]

Pronunciation

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Verb

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背負(しょ)う • (shou) ←しよふ (syofu)?godan (stem 背負(しょ)い (shoi), past 背負(しょ)った (shotta))

  1. [from 1278] to be burdened with, to carry on back or shoulder
Conjugation
[edit]
Conjugation of "背負う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 背負わ しょわ showa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 背負い しょい shoi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 背負う しょう shou
Rentaikei ("attributive") 背負う しょう shou
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 背負え しょえ shoe
Meireikei ("imperative") 背負え しょえ shoe
Key constructions
Passive 背負われる しょわれる showareru
Causative 背負わせる
背負わす 		しょわせる
しょわす 		showaseru
showasu
Potential 背負える しょえる shoeru
Volitional 背負おう しょおう shoō
Negative 背負わない しょわない showanai
Negative continuative 背負わず しょわず showazu
Formal 背負います しょいます shoimasu
Perfective 背負った しょった shotta
Conjunctive 背負って しょって shotte
Hypothetical conditional 背負えば しょえば shoeba
Classical conjugation of "背負ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 背負は しよは syofa
Continuative (連用形) 背負ひ しよひ syofi
Terminal (終止形) 背負ふ しよふ syofu
Attributive (連体形) 背負ふ しよふ syofu
Realis (已然形) 背負へ しよへ syofe
Imperative (命令形) 背負へ しよへ syofe
Key constructions
Negative 背負はず しよはず syofazu
Contrasting conjunction 背負へど しよへど syofedo
Causal conjunction 背負へば しよへば syofeba
Conditional conjunction 背負はば しよはば syofaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 背負ひき しよひき syofiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 背負ひけり しよひけり syofikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 背負ひつ しよひつ syofitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 背負ひぬ しよひぬ syofinu
Perfect-continuative tense 背負へり
背負ひたり		 しよへり
しよひたり		 syoferi
syofitari
Volitional 背負はむ しよはむ syofamu

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 “背負”, in 日本国語大辞典‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 “背負う”, in デジタル大辞泉‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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