急ぐ

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Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
急
いそ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[1] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *isonku. Appears to be root iso ("earnest? industrious?") + verb-forming suffix -gu of uncertain meaning. Cognate with archaic adjective 勤し (isoshi, “diligent, industrious, hard-working”) and modern verb 勤しむ (isoshimu, “to work diligently, industriously”),[1] may also be related to adverb いそいそ (isoiso, “cheerfully, unreservedly”), verb 勇む (isamu, “to be in high spirits, to be encouraged”).

First attested as noun form isogi ("hurrying, rushing") in the Man'yōshū of 759.[1]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「急ぐ」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		急ぐ いそぐ [ìsóꜜgù]
Imperative (命令形) 急げ いそげ [ìsóꜜgè]
Key constructions
Passive 急がれる いそがれる [ìsógáréꜜrù]
Causative 急がせる いそがせる [ìsógáséꜜrù]
Potential 急げる いそげる [ìsógéꜜrù]
Volitional 急ごう いそごー [ìsógóꜜò]
Negative 急がない いそがない [ìsógáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 急がなかった いそがなかった [ìsógáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 急ぎます いそぎます [ìsógímáꜜsù]
Perfective 急いだ いそいだ [ìsóꜜìdà]
Conjunctive 急いで いそいで [ìsóꜜìdè]
Hypothetical conditional 急げば いそげば [ìsóꜜgèbà]

Verb

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急(いそ)ぐ • (isogu) intransitive godan (stem 急(いそ)ぎ (isogi), past 急(いそ)いだ (isoida))

  1. [from late 800s] to hurry, to hasten, to rush, in order to get something done or to get somewhere
    急(いそ)いで片(かた)付(づ)ける
    isoide katazukeru
    to clean up in a rush

急(いそ)ぐ • (isogu) transitive godan (stem 急(いそ)ぎ (isogi), past 急(いそ)いだ (isoida))

  1. [from late 900s] to prepare or expedite something
Conjugation
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Conjugation of "急ぐ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 急が いそが isoga
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 急ぎ いそぎ isogi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 急ぐ いそぐ isogu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 急ぐ いそぐ isogu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 急げ いそげ isoge
Meireikei ("imperative") 急げ いそげ isoge
Key constructions
Passive 急がれる いそがれる isogareru
Causative 急がせる
急がす 		いそがせる
いそがす 		isogaseru
isogasu
Potential 急げる いそげる isogeru
Volitional 急ごう いそごう isogō
Negative 急がない いそがない isoganai
Negative continuative 急がず いそがず isogazu
Formal 急ぎます いそぎます isogimasu
Perfective 急いだ いそいだ isoida
Conjunctive 急いで いそいで isoide
Hypothetical conditional 急げば いそげば isogeba
Antonyms
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Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
急
また
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
速ぐ

From Old Japanese.[1] Further derivation unknown.

First attested in a piece of 催馬楽 (saibara, “court music”) dated to the late 600s, early 700s.[1]

Homophonic verb 跨ぐ (matagu, “to straddle, to step across”) is likely a derivation of this verb, possibly from the idea of striding, i.e. walking quickly.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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急(また)ぐ • (matagu) intransitive †yodan

  1. [roughly 700s–???] (obsolete) to be in a hurry, to be hasty
  2. [roughly 700s–???] (obsolete) to be impatient
Conjugation
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Classical conjugation of "急ぐ" (ガ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 急が またが mataga
Continuative (連用形) 急ぎ またぎ matagi
Terminal (終止形) 急ぐ またぐ matagu
Attributive (連体形) 急ぐ またぐ matagu
Realis (已然形) 急げ またげ matage
Imperative (命令形) 急げ またげ matage
Key constructions
Negative 急がず またがず matagazu
Contrasting conjunction 急げど またげど matagedo
Causal conjunction 急げば またげば matageba
Conditional conjunction 急がば またがば matagaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 急ぎき またぎき matagiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 急ぎけり またぎけり matagikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 急ぎつ またぎつ matagitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 急ぎぬ またぎぬ mataginu
Perfect-continuative tense 急げり
急ぎたり		 またげり
またぎたり		 matageri
matagitari
Volitional 急がむ またがむ matagamu

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
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