囲む

Japanese

Kanji in this term
囲
Grade: 5

Alternative spelling
圍む (kyūjitai)

Etymology

Pronounced かくむ (kakumu) in the Nara period, it was alternately pronounced かこむ (kakomu) since the middle of the Heian period. The shift to かこむ (kakomu) is likely due to influence from the verb 囲(かこ)う (kakou), of similar meaning.

An alternate pronunciation かごむ (kagomu), with the medial /k/ becoming voiced to /g/, was formerly widely used, as recorded in the 史記抄(しきしょう) (shikishō) written in the Muromachi period.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かこむ [kàkómú] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ko̞mɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「囲む」

Stem forms
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	囲む	かこむ	`[kàkómú]`
Imperative (命令形)	囲め	かこめ	`[kàkómé]`
Key constructions
Passive	囲まれる	かこまれる	`[kàkómárérú]`
Causative	囲ませる	かこませる	`[kàkómásérú]`
Potential	囲める	かこめる	`[kàkómérú]`
Volitional	囲もう	かこもー	`[kàkómóꜜò]`
Negative	囲まない	かこまない	`[kàkómánáí]`
Negative perfective	囲まなかった	かこまなかった	`[kàkómánáꜜkàttà]`
Formal	囲みます	かこみます	`[kàkómímáꜜsù]`
Perfective	囲んだ	かこんだ	`[kàkóńdá]`
Conjunctive	囲んで	かこんで	`[kàkóńdé]`
Hypothetical conditional	囲めば	かこめば	`[kàkóméꜜbà]`

Verb

囲(かこ)む • (kakomu) transitive godan (stem 囲(かこ)み (kakomi), past 囲(かこ)んだ (kakonda))

to encircle; to surround; to place things around something

Conjugation

Conjugation of "囲む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	囲ま	かこま	kakoma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	囲み	かこみ	kakomi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	囲む	かこむ	kakomu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	囲む	かこむ	kakomu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	囲め	かこめ	kakome
Meireikei ("imperative")	囲め	かこめ	kakome
Key constructions
Passive	囲まれる	かこまれる	kakomareru
Causative	囲ませる囲ます	かこませるかこます	kakomaseru kakomasu
Potential	囲める	かこめる	kakomeru
Volitional	囲もう	かこもう	kakomō
Negative	囲まない	かこまない	kakomanai
Negative continuative	囲まず	かこまず	kakomazu
Formal	囲みます	かこみます	kakomimasu
Perfective	囲んだ	かこんだ	kakonda
Conjunctive	囲んで	かこんで	kakonde
Hypothetical conditional	囲めば	かこめば	kakomeba

References

^ “囲む”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

[1] “囲む”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[ZAJ-2] Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

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