あくどい
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Japanese
[edit]| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 悪どい (proscribed) |
Etymology
[edit]First cited to 1694.[1]
Ultimate derivation is unclear.
- One reference derives this from prefix あ (a, of uncertain meaning) + 諄い (kudoi, “repetitive, tedious, clunky, long-winded, insistent”).[2]
- However, there is no apparent fitting prefix, only 亜 (a-, “sub-, -ous, -ite”, most often found in chemistry or biology).
- Described in another source as deriving from 灰汁 (aku, “lye; harshness [as a characteristic of flavor or personality]”) + suffixing element どい (doi).[3] This doi is probably from now-archaic adjective 利し・鋭し・疾し・敏し (toshi), modernized form とい (toi, “sharp, biting; fierce, vicious; fast, quick”).
Considering the senses, this might be a case of separately derived homophones, or a case where separate partially-similar terms influenced the meaning.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「あくどい」
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuative (連用形) | あくどく | あくどく あくどく |
[àkúꜜdòkù] [àkúdóꜜkù] |
| Terminal (終止形) | あくどい | あくどい | [àkúdóꜜì] |
| Attributive (連体形) | あくどい | あくどい | [àkúdóꜜì] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | あくどくない | あくどくない あくどくない |
[àkúꜜdòkùnàì] [àkúdóꜜkùnàì] |
| Informal past | あくどかった | あくどかった あくどかった |
[àkúꜜdòkàttà] [àkúdóꜜkàttà] |
| Informal negative past | あくどくなかった | あくどくなかった あくどくなかった |
[àkúꜜdòkùnàkàttà] [àkúdóꜜkùnàkàttà] |
| Formal | あくどいです | あくどいです | [àkúdóꜜìdèsù] |
| Conjunctive | あくどくて | あくどくて あくどくて |
[àkúꜜdòkùtè] [àkúdóꜜkùtè] |
| Conditional | あくどければ | あくどければ あくどければ |
[àkúꜜdòkèrèbà] [àkúdóꜜkèrèbà] |
Adjective
[edit]あくどい • (akudoi) -i (adverbial あくどく (akudoku))
- [from 1946] harsh of manner or personality; vicious, wily, unscrupulous, villainous
- [from 1694] persistent or stubborn of manner; cloying of flavor; garish or overdone of color or appearance
Inflection
[edit]Inflection of あくどい
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | あくどかろ | akudokaro | |
| Continuative (連用形) | あくどく | akudoku | |
| Terminal (終止形) | あくどい | akudoi | |
| Attributive (連体形) | あくどい | akudoi | |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | あくどけれ | akudokere | |
| Imperative (命令形) | あくどかれ | akudokare | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | あくどくない | akudoku nai | |
| Informal past | あくどかった | akudokatta | |
| Informal negative past | あくどくなかった | akudoku nakatta | |
| Formal | あくどいです | akudoi desu | |
| Formal negative | あくどくないです | akudoku nai desu | |
| Formal past | あくどかったです | akudokatta desu | |
| Formal negative past | あくどくなかったです | akudoku nakatta desu | |
| Conjunctive | あくどくて | akudokute | |
| Conditional | あくどければ | akudokereba | |
| Provisional | あくどかったら | akudokattara | |
| Volitional | あくどかろう | akudokarō | |
| Adverbial | あくどく | akudoku | |
| Degree | あくどさ | akudosa | |
References
[edit]- ^ “あくどい”, in 日本国語大辞典[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN