ἐχθρός

See also: εχθρός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out”), perhaps with suffix -ρός (-rós). If so, then Latin exter (< Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs-teros) is a particularly close cognate. See also ἔχθος (ékhthos, “hatred, enmity”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ekʰ.tʰrós/ → /exˈθros/ → /exˈθros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ekʰ.tʰrós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ekʰˈtʰros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /exˈθros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /exˈθros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /exˈθros/

Adjective

ἐχθρός • (ekhthrós) m (feminine ἐχθρᾱ́, neuter ἐχθρόν); first/second declension

1. (with passive meaning) hated, hateful
2. (with active meaning) hating, hostile [with dative or genitive ‘to someone or something’]
3. (masculine or feminine, as substantive) enemy
4. (ἐχθρόν ἐστι (ekhthrón esti), impersonal) it is displeasing, distasteful, unpleasant [with dative ‘for someone’ and infinitive ‘to do’]

Inflection

First and second declension of ἐχθρός; ἐχθρᾱ́; ἐχθρόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ἐχθρός ekhthrós	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρόν ekhthrón		ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ		ἐχθροί ekhthroí	ἐχθραί ekhthraí	ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrá
Genitive		ἐχθροῦ ekhthroû	ἐχθρᾶς ekhthrâs	ἐχθροῦ ekhthroû		ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn	ἐχθραῖν ekhthraîn	ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn		ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn	ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn	ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn
Dative		ἐχθρῷ ekhthrôi	ἐχθρᾷ ekhthrâi	ἐχθρῷ ekhthrôi		ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn	ἐχθραῖν ekhthraîn	ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn		ἐχθροῖς ekhthroîs	ἐχθραῖς ekhthraîs	ἐχθροῖς ekhthroîs
Accusative		ἐχθρόν ekhthrón	ἐχθρᾱ́ν ekhthrā́n	ἐχθρόν ekhthrón		ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ		ἐχθρούς ekhthroús	ἐχθρᾱ́ς ekhthrā́s	ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrá
Vocative		ἐχθρέ ekhthré	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρόν ekhthrón		ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ		ἐχθροί ekhthroí	ἐχθραί ekhthraí	ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ἐχθρῶς ekhthrôs				ἐχθρότερος / ἐχθίων ekhthróteros / ekhthíōn				ἐχθρότᾰτος / ἔχθιστος ekhthrótatos / ékhthistos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ἐχθρόξενος (ekhthróxenos)
• ἐχθαίρω (ekhthaírō)
• ἐχθραίνω (ekhthraínō)

Related terms

• ἐχθάνομαι (ekhthánomai)
• ἔχθος (ékhthos)
• ἔχθρα (ékhthra)
• ἔχθω (ékhthō)

Descendants

• Greek: εχθρός (echthrós), οχτρός (ochtrós)

Further reading

• “ἐχθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἐχθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἐχθρός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἐχθρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ἐχθρός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ἐχθρός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G2190 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • adverse idem, page 15.
  • antagonistic idem, page 32.
  • averse idem, page 55.
  • bitter idem, page 80.
  • enemy idem, page 273.
  • foe idem, page 331.
  • ground idem, page 375.
  • hostile idem, page 407.
  • inimical idem, page 441.
  • rebellious idem, page 677.
  • unfriendly idem, page 919.