ḫtm

See also: ḥtm

Egyptian

Etymology

Compare Arabic خَتَمَ (ḵatama, “to seal”).

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /xɛtɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: khetem

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to seal

Inflection

Conjugation of ḫtm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḫtm, geminated stem: ḫtmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḫtm	ḫtmw, ḫtm	ḫtmt	ḫtm	ḫtm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḫtm	ḥr ḫtm	m ḫtm	r ḫtm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḫtm.n	ḫtmw, ḫtm	consecutive	ḫtm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḫtmt
perfective3	ḫtm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ḫtm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḫtm	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḫtm	ḫtmm	potentialis1	ḫtm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḫtm	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḫtm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḫtm	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḫtm	ḫtm, ḫtmw5, ḫtmy5
imperfective	ḫtm, ḫtmy, ḫtmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḫtm, ḫtmj6, ḫtmy6	ḫtm, ḫtmw5
prospective	ḫtm, ḫtmtj7	—	ḫtmtj4, ḫtmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫtm  

ḫtm

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲧⲙⲉ (xōtme)
• Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲱⲧⲉⲙ (šōtem), ϣⲑⲁⲙ (štham)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲧⲉⲙ (štem)
• Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲧⲉⲙ (štem)
• Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲱⲧⲙ (šōtm), ϣⲧⲁⲙ (štam), ϣⲧⲟⲙ (štom)
• Old Coptic: ϣⲧⲁⲙ (štam)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 350–352.3
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 313.