ḫtm

See also: ḥtm

Egyptian

Etymology

Compare Arabic خَتَمَ (ḵatama, “to seal”).

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /xɛtɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: khetem

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to seal

Inflection

Conjugation of ḫtm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḫtm, geminated stem: ḫtmm

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural ḫtm ḫtmw, ḫtm ḫtmt ḫtm ḫtm ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 ḫtm ḥr ḫtm m ḫtm r ḫtm suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect ḫtm.n ḫtmw, ḫtm consecutive ḫtm.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative ḫtmt perfective3 ḫtm active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 ḫtm.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective ḫtm active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 ḫtm ḫtmm potentialis1 ḫtm.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive ḫtm active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect ḫtm.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective ḫtm active + .tj1, .tw2 ḫtm ḫtm, ḫtmw5, ḫtmy5 imperfective ḫtm, ḫtmy, ḫtmw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 ḫtm, ḫtmj6, ḫtmy6 ḫtm, ḫtmw5 prospective ḫtm, ḫtmtj7 — ḫtmtj4, ḫtmt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫtm  

ḫtm

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲧⲙⲉ (xōtme)
• Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲱⲧⲉⲙ (šōtem), ϣⲑⲁⲙ (štham)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲧⲉⲙ (štem)
• Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲧⲉⲙ (štem)
• Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲱⲧⲙ (šōtm), ϣⲧⲁⲙ (štam), ϣⲧⲟⲙ (štom)
• Old Coptic: ϣⲧⲁⲙ (štam)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 350–352.3
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 313.