सम्मुख

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सम्मुख (sam-mukhá). By surface analysis, सम्- (sam-) +‎ मुख (mukh). Cognate with Marathi सम्मुख (sammukh). Doublet of सामना (sāmnā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /səm.mʊkʰ/, [sɐ̃m.mʊkʰ]

Adjective

सम्मुख • (sammukh) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling سمکھ) (formal)

1. facing, face to face with
2. opposing, competing
3. adapted to circumstances, fit, suitable

Adverb

सम्मुख • (sammukh) (Urdu spelling سمکھ)

1. in front of

Further reading

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “सम्मुख”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
• “सम्मुख”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “सम्मुख”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Platts, John T. (1884) “सम्मुख”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सम्मुख (sam-mukhá). Cognate with Hindustani सम्मुख / سمکھ (sammukh). Doublet of सामना (sāmnā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /səm.mukʰ/, [səm.muːkʰ]

Adjective

सम्मुख • (sammukh)

1. facing or fronting, having the face opposed to, or being opposed to the face of

Further reading

• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “सम्मुख”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “सम्मुख”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• संमुख (saṃ-mukhá)

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• সম্মুখ (Assamese script)
• ᬲᬫ᭄ᬫᬸᬔ (Balinese script)
• সম্মুখ (Bengali script)
• 𑰭𑰦𑰿𑰦𑰲𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀼𑀔 (Brahmi script)
• သမ္မုခ (Burmese script)
• સમ્મુખ (Gujarati script)
• ਸਮ੍ਮੁਖ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌸𑌮𑍍𑌮𑍁𑌖 (Grantha script)
• ꦱꦩ꧀ꦩꦸꦑ (Javanese script)
• 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂳𑂎 (Kaithi script)
• ಸಮ್ಮುಖ (Kannada script)
• សម្មុខ (Khmer script)
• ສມ຺ມຸຂ (Lao script)
• സമ്മുഖ (Malayalam script)
• ᠰᠠᠮᠮᡠᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘭𑘦𑘿𑘦𑘳𑘏 (Modi script)
• ᠰᠠᠮᠮᠤᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧍𑧆𑧠𑧆𑧔𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐏 (Newa script)
• ସମ୍ମୁଖ (Odia script)
• ꢱꢪ꣄ꢪꢸꢓ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆱𑆩𑇀𑆩𑆶𑆒 (Sharada script)
• 𑖭𑖦𑖿𑖦𑖲𑖏 (Siddham script)
• සම‍්මුඛ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑪁𑩴 𑪙𑩴𑩒𑩝 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚨𑚢𑚶𑚢𑚰𑚋 (Takri script)
• ஸம்முக² (Tamil script)
• సమ్ముఖ (Telugu script)
• สมฺมุข (Thai script)
• ས་མྨུ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒮𑒧𑓂𑒧𑒳𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨰𑨢𑩇𑨢𑨃𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From सम्- (sam-) +‎ मुख (múkha).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /sɐm.mu.kʰɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈs̪ɐm.mu.kʰɐ/

Adjective

सम्मुख • (sam-mukhá) stem

1. facing, fronting, confronting, being face to face or in front of or opposite to
2. present before the eyes
3. being about to begin or at the beginning of
4. directed or turned towards
5. inclined or favourable to, propitious
6. intent upon
7. adapted to circumstances, fit, suitable
8. with the mouth or face

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सम्मुख (sammukhá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सम्मुखः sammukháḥ	सम्मुखौ / सम्मुखा¹ sammukhaú / sammukhā́¹	सम्मुखाः / सम्मुखासः¹ sammukhā́ḥ / sammukhā́saḥ¹
Vocative	सम्मुख sámmukha	सम्मुखौ / सम्मुखा¹ sámmukhau / sámmukhā¹	सम्मुखाः / सम्मुखासः¹ sámmukhāḥ / sámmukhāsaḥ¹
Accusative	सम्मुखम् sammukhám	सम्मुखौ / सम्मुखा¹ sammukhaú / sammukhā́¹	सम्मुखान् sammukhā́n
Instrumental	सम्मुखेन sammukhéna	सम्मुखाभ्याम् sammukhā́bhyām	सम्मुखैः / सम्मुखेभिः¹ sammukhaíḥ / sammukhébhiḥ¹
Dative	सम्मुखाय sammukhā́ya	सम्मुखाभ्याम् sammukhā́bhyām	सम्मुखेभ्यः sammukhébhyaḥ
Ablative	सम्मुखात् sammukhā́t	सम्मुखाभ्याम् sammukhā́bhyām	सम्मुखेभ्यः sammukhébhyaḥ
Genitive	सम्मुखस्य sammukhásya	सम्मुखयोः sammukháyoḥ	सम्मुखानाम् sammukhā́nām
Locative	सम्मुखे sammukhé	सम्मुखयोः sammukháyoḥ	सम्मुखेषु sammukhéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ī-stem declension of सम्मुखी (sammukhī́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सम्मुखी sammukhī́	सम्मुख्यौ / सम्मुखी¹ sammukhyaù / sammukhī́¹	सम्मुख्यः / सम्मुखीः¹ sammukhyàḥ / sammukhī́ḥ¹
Vocative	सम्मुखि sámmukhi	सम्मुख्यौ / सम्मुखी¹ sámmukhyau / sámmukhī¹	सम्मुख्यः / सम्मुखीः¹ sámmukhyaḥ / sámmukhīḥ¹
Accusative	सम्मुखीम् sammukhī́m	सम्मुख्यौ / सम्मुखी¹ sammukhyaù / sammukhī́¹	सम्मुखीः sammukhī́ḥ
Instrumental	सम्मुख्या sammukhyā́	सम्मुखीभ्याम् sammukhī́bhyām	सम्मुखीभिः sammukhī́bhiḥ
Dative	सम्मुख्यै sammukhyaí	सम्मुखीभ्याम् sammukhī́bhyām	सम्मुखीभ्यः sammukhī́bhyaḥ
Ablative	सम्मुख्याः / सम्मुख्यै² sammukhyā́ḥ / sammukhyaí²	सम्मुखीभ्याम् sammukhī́bhyām	सम्मुखीभ्यः sammukhī́bhyaḥ
Genitive	सम्मुख्याः / सम्मुख्यै² sammukhyā́ḥ / sammukhyaí²	सम्मुख्योः sammukhyóḥ	सम्मुखीनाम् sammukhī́nām
Locative	सम्मुख्याम् sammukhyā́m	सम्मुख्योः sammukhyóḥ	सम्मुखीषु sammukhī́ṣu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of सम्मुख (sammukhá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सम्मुखम् sammukhám	सम्मुखे sammukhé	सम्मुखानि / सम्मुखा¹ sammukhā́ni / sammukhā́¹
Vocative	सम्मुख sámmukha	सम्मुखे sámmukhe	सम्मुखानि / सम्मुखा¹ sámmukhāni / sámmukhā¹
Accusative	सम्मुखम् sammukhám	सम्मुखे sammukhé	सम्मुखानि / सम्मुखा¹ sammukhā́ni / sammukhā́¹
Instrumental	सम्मुखेन sammukhéna	सम्मुखाभ्याम् sammukhā́bhyām	सम्मुखैः / सम्मुखेभिः¹ sammukhaíḥ / sammukhébhiḥ¹
Dative	सम्मुखाय sammukhā́ya	सम्मुखाभ्याम् sammukhā́bhyām	सम्मुखेभ्यः sammukhébhyaḥ
Ablative	सम्मुखात् sammukhā́t	सम्मुखाभ्याम् sammukhā́bhyām	सम्मुखेभ्यः sammukhébhyaḥ
Genitive	सम्मुखस्य sammukhásya	सम्मुखयोः sammukháyoḥ	सम्मुखानाम् sammukhā́nām
Locative	सम्मुखे sammukhé	सम्मुखयोः sammukháyoḥ	सम्मुखेषु sammukhéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms

• अभिसम्मुख (abhisammukha)
• शत्रुसम्मुखम् (śatrusammukham)
• सम्मुखम् (sammukham)
• सम्मुखविनय (sammukhavinaya)
• स्वसम्मुख (svasammukha)

 

Descendants

• Pali: sammukha
• Prakrit: 𑀲𑀁𑀫𑀼𑀳 (saṃmuha)

  Magadhi Prakrit:

  • Bengali: সামনে (śamne)
  • Odia: ସାମନା (sāmanā)

  Maharastri Prakrit:

  • Marathi: सामना (sāmnā)

  Paisaci Prakrit:

  • Punjabi: ਸਾਹਮਣਾ (sāhmaṇā)

  Sauraseni Prakrit:

  • Gurjara Apabhramsa:
    • Gujarati: સામું (sāmũ)
  • Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
    • Hindustani: sāmnā

      Hindi: सामना

      Urdu: سامنا

• → Marathi: सम्मुख (sammukh) (learned)
• → Hindustani: (learned)

  Hindi: सम्मुख (sammukh)

  Urdu: سمکھ (sammukh)

• → Malay: semuka
  • Indonesian: semuka

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899) “सम्मुख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1180, column 3.
• Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “संमुख”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “saṁmukhá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press