रूढ

Prakrit

Adjective

रूढ (rūḍha)

Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑀽𑀠 (“grown”)

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

ৰূঢ (Assamese script)
ᬭᬹᬠ (Balinese script)
রূঢ (Bengali script)
𑰨𑰳𑰛 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀭𑀽𑀠 (Brahmi script)
ရူဎ (Burmese script)
રૂઢ (Gujarati script)
ਰੂਢ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌰𑍂𑌢 (Grantha script)
ꦫꦹꦞ (Javanese script)
𑂩𑂴𑂛 (Kaithi script)
ರೂಢ (Kannada script)
រូឍ (Khmer script)
ຣູຒ (Lao script)
രൂഢ (Malayalam script)
ᡵᡠᡠᢟᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘨𑘴𑘛 (Modi script)
ᠷᠤᠤᢎᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧈𑧕𑦻 (Nandinagari script)
𑐬𑐹𑐝 (Newa script)
ରୂଢ (Odia script)
ꢬꢹꢟ (Saurashtra script)
𑆫𑆷𑆞 (Sharada script)
𑖨𑖳𑖛 (Siddham script)
රූඪ (Sinhalese script)
𑩼𑩒𑩛𑩩 (Soyombo script)
𑚤𑚱𑚗 (Takri script)
ரூட⁴ (Tamil script)
రూఢ (Telugu script)
รูฒ (Thai script)
རཱུ་ཌྷ (Tibetan script)
𑒩𑒴𑒜 (Tirhuta script)
𑨫𑨃𑨊𑨗 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

An Old Indo-Aryan continuation of *ruẓḍʰá, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ludʰ-tó-s, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬀 (uruzda, “grown”).

The retraction of the sibilant in *ruẓḍʰá was triggered by the application of the RUKI sound law to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás in the Old Indo-Aryan stage. This was a dialectal form with a development parallel to the expected sound change which would have yielded *ruddʰá. For a similar Indo-Aryan development, see Hindi कुढ़ना (kuṛhnā).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɾuː.ɖʱɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɾuː.ɖʱɐ/

Adjective

रूढ • (rūḍhá) stem

grown, sprung up, arisen, ascended
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) 6.42.2:
  वनस्पतीनां प्रतिष्ठितो यः समे भूम्यै स्वाद्योने रूढः प्रत्येव तिष्ठति
  vanaspatīnāṃ pratiṣṭhito yaḥ same bhūmyai svādyone rūḍhaḥ pratyeva tiṣṭhati
  Among trees, that tree is well supported which has grown from its own birthplace on level ground and is firm.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of रूढ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	रूढः (rūḍháḥ)	रूढौ (rūḍhaú) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹)	रूढाः (rūḍhā́ḥ) रूढासः¹ (rūḍhā́saḥ¹)
vocative	रूढ (rū́ḍha)	रूढौ (rū́ḍhau) रूढा¹ (rū́ḍhā¹)	रूढाः (rū́ḍhāḥ) रूढासः¹ (rū́ḍhāsaḥ¹)
accusative	रूढम् (rūḍhám)	रूढौ (rūḍhaú) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹)	रूढान् (rūḍhā́n)
instrumental	रूढेन (rūḍhéna)	रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām)	रूढैः (rūḍhaíḥ) रूढेभिः¹ (rūḍhébhiḥ¹)
dative	रूढाय (rūḍhā́ya)	रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām)	रूढेभ्यः (rūḍhébhyaḥ)
ablative	रूढात् (rūḍhā́t)	रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām)	रूढेभ्यः (rūḍhébhyaḥ)
genitive	रूढस्य (rūḍhásya)	रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ)	रूढानाम् (rūḍhā́nām)
locative	रूढे (rūḍhé)	रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ)	रूढेषु (rūḍhéṣu)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of रूढा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	रूढा (rūḍhā́)	रूढे (rūḍhé)	रूढाः (rūḍhā́ḥ)
vocative	रूढे (rū́ḍhe)	रूढे (rū́ḍhe)	रूढाः (rū́ḍhāḥ)
accusative	रूढाम् (rūḍhā́m)	रूढे (rūḍhé)	रूढाः (rūḍhā́ḥ)
instrumental	रूढया (rūḍháyā) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹)	रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām)	रूढाभिः (rūḍhā́bhiḥ)
dative	रूढायै (rūḍhā́yai)	रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām)	रूढाभ्यः (rūḍhā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	रूढायाः (rūḍhā́yāḥ) रूढायै² (rūḍhā́yai²)	रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām)	रूढाभ्यः (rūḍhā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	रूढायाः (rūḍhā́yāḥ) रूढायै² (rūḍhā́yai²)	रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ)	रूढानाम् (rūḍhā́nām)
locative	रूढायाम् (rūḍhā́yām)	रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ)	रूढासु (rūḍhā́su)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of रूढ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	रूढम् (rūḍhám)	रूढे (rūḍhé)	रूढानि (rūḍhā́ni) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹)
vocative	रूढ (rū́ḍha)	रूढे (rū́ḍhe)	रूढानि (rū́ḍhāni) रूढा¹ (rū́ḍhā¹)
accusative	रूढम् (rūḍhám)	रूढे (rūḍhé)	रूढानि (rūḍhā́ni) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹)
instrumental	रूढेन (rūḍhéna)	रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām)	रूढैः (rūḍhaíḥ) रूढेभिः¹ (rūḍhébhiḥ¹)
dative	रूढाय (rūḍhā́ya)	रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām)	रूढेभ्यः (rūḍhébhyaḥ)
ablative	रूढात् (rūḍhā́t)	रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām)	रूढेभ्यः (rūḍhébhyaḥ)
genitive	रूढस्य (rūḍhásya)	रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ)	रूढानाम् (rūḍhā́nām)
locative	रूढे (rūḍhé)	रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ)	रूढेषु (rūḍhéṣu)

¹Vedic

Descendants

Pali: rūḷha
Prakrit: 𑀭𑀽𑀠 (rūḍha)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “रूढ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0885.