क्षुण्ण

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit क्षुण्ण (kṣuṇṇa).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /kʂʊɳɳ/, [kʃʊ̃ɳ(ː)]

Adjective

क्षुण्ण • (kṣuṇṇ) (indeclinable) (formal)

1. crushed, shattered; broken into pieces
2. practised, followed
3. defeated

   Synonyms: पराजित (parājit), हारा हुआ (hārā huā)

Further reading

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “क्षुण्ण”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ক্ষুণ্ণ (Assamese script)
• ᬓ᭄ᬱᬸᬡ᭄ᬡ (Balinese script)
• ক্ষুণ্ণ (Bengali script)
• 𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰲𑰜𑰿𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀼𑀡𑁆𑀡 (Brahmi script)
• က္ၑုဏ္ဏ (Burmese script)
• ક્ષુણ્ણ (Gujarati script)
• ਕ੍ਸ਼ੁਣ੍ਣ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌕𑍍𑌷𑍁𑌣𑍍𑌣 (Grantha script)
• ꦏ꧀ꦰꦸꦟ꧀ꦟ (Javanese script)
• 𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂳𑂝𑂹𑂝 (Kaithi script)
• ಕ್ಷುಣ್ಣ (Kannada script)
• ក្ឞុណ្ណ (Khmer script)
• ກ຺ຩຸຓ຺ຓ (Lao script)
• ക്ഷുണ്ണ (Malayalam script)
• ᡬᢢᡠᢏᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘳𑘜𑘿𑘜 (Modi script)
• ᢉᢔᠤᢏᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧔𑦼𑧠𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐸𑐞𑑂𑐞 (Newa script)
• କ୍ଷୁଣ୍ଣ (Odia script)
• ꢒ꣄ꢰꢸꢠ꣄ꢠ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆶𑆟𑇀𑆟 (Sharada script)
• 𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖲𑖜𑖿𑖜 (Siddham script)
• ක්‍ෂුණ‍්ණ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩜 𑪙𑪀𑩒𑩪 𑪙𑩪 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚊𑚶𑚰𑚘𑚶𑚘 (Takri script)
• க்ஷுண்ண (Tamil script)
• క్షుణ్ణ (Telugu script)
• กฺษุณฺณ (Thai script)
• ཀྵུ་ཎྞ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒳𑒝𑓂𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨋𑩇𑨯𑨃𑨘𑩇𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *k⁽ʷ⁾sud-nó-s, from *k⁽ʷ⁾sewd- (“to disperse, to scatter, to pulverise”). Synchronically analysable as क्षुद् (kṣud, root) +‎ -न (-na).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /kʂuɳ.ɳɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈkʂuɳ.ɳɐ/

Adjective

क्षुण्ण • (kṣuṇṇa) stem

1. pounded, pulverised, crushed, stamped or trampled upon, shattered, cut, broken into pieces
   • c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 3.21.52-54:

     न यदा रथमास्थाय जैत्रं मणिगणार्पितम्। विस्फूर्जच्चण्डकोदण्डो रथेन त्रासयन्नघान्॥ स्वसैन्यचरणक्षुण्णं वेपयन्मण्डलं भुवः। विकर्षन् बृहतीं सेनां पर्यटस्यंशुमानिव॥ तदैव सेतवः सर्वे वर्णाश्रमनिबन्धनाः। भगवद्रचिता राजन् भिद्येरन् बत दस्युभिः॥

     na yadā rathamāsthāya jaitraṃ maṇigaṇārpitam. visphūrjaccaṇḍakodaṇḍo rathena trāsayannaghān. svasainyacaraṇakṣuṇṇaṃ vepayanmaṇḍalaṃ bhuvaḥ. vikarṣan bṛhatīṃ senāṃ paryaṭasyaṃśumāniva. tadaiva setavaḥ sarve varṇāśramanibandhanāḥ. bhagavadracitā rājan bhidyeran bata dasyubhiḥ.

     If you did not mount your victorious jeweled chariot, whose mere presence threatens culprits, if you did not produce fierce sounds by the twanging of your bow, and if you did not roam about the world like the brilliant sun, leading a huge army whose trampling feet cause the globe of the earth to tremble, then all the moral laws governing the varṇas and āśramas created by the Lord himself would be broken by the rogues and rascals.

   • c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 6.18.65:

     न ममार दितेर्गर्भः श्रीनिवासानुकम्पया। बहुधा कुलिशक्षुण्णो द्रौण्यस्त्रेण यथा भवान्॥

     na mamāra ditergarbhaḥ śrīnivāsānukampayā. bahudhā kuliśakṣuṇṇo drauṇyastreṇa yathā bhavān.

     Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: My dear King Parīkṣita, you were burned by the brahmāstra of Aśvatthāman, but when Lord Kṛṣṇa entered the womb of your mother, you were saved. Similarly, although the one embryo was cut into forty-nine pieces by the thunderbolt of Indra, they were all saved by the mercy of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.

2. defeated, overcome
3. violated (as a vow)
4. practised, followed
5. thought over, reflected on

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of क्षुण्ण (kṣuṇṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	क्षुण्णः kṣuṇṇaḥ	क्षुण्णौ / क्षुण्णा¹ kṣuṇṇau / kṣuṇṇā¹	क्षुण्णाः / क्षुण्णासः¹ kṣuṇṇāḥ / kṣuṇṇāsaḥ¹
Vocative	क्षुण्ण kṣuṇṇa	क्षुण्णौ / क्षुण्णा¹ kṣuṇṇau / kṣuṇṇā¹	क्षुण्णाः / क्षुण्णासः¹ kṣuṇṇāḥ / kṣuṇṇāsaḥ¹
Accusative	क्षुण्णम् kṣuṇṇam	क्षुण्णौ / क्षुण्णा¹ kṣuṇṇau / kṣuṇṇā¹	क्षुण्णान् kṣuṇṇān
Instrumental	क्षुण्णेन kṣuṇṇena	क्षुण्णाभ्याम् kṣuṇṇābhyām	क्षुण्णैः / क्षुण्णेभिः¹ kṣuṇṇaiḥ / kṣuṇṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	क्षुण्णाय kṣuṇṇāya	क्षुण्णाभ्याम् kṣuṇṇābhyām	क्षुण्णेभ्यः kṣuṇṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	क्षुण्णात् kṣuṇṇāt	क्षुण्णाभ्याम् kṣuṇṇābhyām	क्षुण्णेभ्यः kṣuṇṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	क्षुण्णस्य kṣuṇṇasya	क्षुण्णयोः kṣuṇṇayoḥ	क्षुण्णानाम् kṣuṇṇānām
Locative	क्षुण्णे kṣuṇṇe	क्षुण्णयोः kṣuṇṇayoḥ	क्षुण्णेषु kṣuṇṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of क्षुण्णा (kṣuṇṇā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	क्षुण्णा kṣuṇṇā	क्षुण्णे kṣuṇṇe	क्षुण्णाः kṣuṇṇāḥ
Vocative	क्षुण्णे kṣuṇṇe	क्षुण्णे kṣuṇṇe	क्षुण्णाः kṣuṇṇāḥ
Accusative	क्षुण्णाम् kṣuṇṇām	क्षुण्णे kṣuṇṇe	क्षुण्णाः kṣuṇṇāḥ
Instrumental	क्षुण्णया / क्षुण्णा¹ kṣuṇṇayā / kṣuṇṇā¹	क्षुण्णाभ्याम् kṣuṇṇābhyām	क्षुण्णाभिः kṣuṇṇābhiḥ
Dative	क्षुण्णायै kṣuṇṇāyai	क्षुण्णाभ्याम् kṣuṇṇābhyām	क्षुण्णाभ्यः kṣuṇṇābhyaḥ
Ablative	क्षुण्णायाः / क्षुण्णायै² kṣuṇṇāyāḥ / kṣuṇṇāyai²	क्षुण्णाभ्याम् kṣuṇṇābhyām	क्षुण्णाभ्यः kṣuṇṇābhyaḥ
Genitive	क्षुण्णायाः / क्षुण्णायै² kṣuṇṇāyāḥ / kṣuṇṇāyai²	क्षुण्णयोः kṣuṇṇayoḥ	क्षुण्णानाम् kṣuṇṇānām
Locative	क्षुण्णायाम् kṣuṇṇāyām	क्षुण्णयोः kṣuṇṇayoḥ	क्षुण्णासु kṣuṇṇāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of क्षुण्ण (kṣuṇṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	क्षुण्णम् kṣuṇṇam	क्षुण्णे kṣuṇṇe	क्षुण्णानि / क्षुण्णा¹ kṣuṇṇāni / kṣuṇṇā¹
Vocative	क्षुण्ण kṣuṇṇa	क्षुण्णे kṣuṇṇe	क्षुण्णानि / क्षुण्णा¹ kṣuṇṇāni / kṣuṇṇā¹
Accusative	क्षुण्णम् kṣuṇṇam	क्षुण्णे kṣuṇṇe	क्षुण्णानि / क्षुण्णा¹ kṣuṇṇāni / kṣuṇṇā¹
Instrumental	क्षुण्णेन kṣuṇṇena	क्षुण्णाभ्याम् kṣuṇṇābhyām	क्षुण्णैः / क्षुण्णेभिः¹ kṣuṇṇaiḥ / kṣuṇṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	क्षुण्णाय kṣuṇṇāya	क्षुण्णाभ्याम् kṣuṇṇābhyām	क्षुण्णेभ्यः kṣuṇṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	क्षुण्णात् kṣuṇṇāt	क्षुण्णाभ्याम् kṣuṇṇābhyām	क्षुण्णेभ्यः kṣuṇṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	क्षुण्णस्य kṣuṇṇasya	क्षुण्णयोः kṣuṇṇayoḥ	क्षुण्णानाम् kṣuṇṇānām
Locative	क्षुण्णे kṣuṇṇe	क्षुण्णयोः kṣuṇṇayoḥ	क्षुण्णेषु kṣuṇṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Prakrit: 𑀔𑀼𑀡𑁆𑀡 (khuṇṇa), 𑀙𑀼𑀡𑁆𑀡 (chuṇṇa)
• → Hindi: क्षुण्ण (kṣuṇṇ) (learned)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899) “क्षुण्ण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 330, column 2.
• Hellwig, Oliver (2010-2024) “kṣuṇṇa”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
• Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “क्षुण्ण”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kṣuṇṇa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press