اعتدال

Arabic

Root
ع د ل (ʕ d l)
12 terms

Etymology

Verbal noun of اِعْتَدَلَ (iʕtadala).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iʕ.ti.daːl/
• Rhymes: -aːl

Noun

اِعْتِدَال • (iʕtidāl) m (plural اِعْتِدَالَات (iʕtidālāt))

1. (uncountable) verbal noun of اِعْتَدَلَ (iʕtadala) (form VIII)
2. moderation; mildness
3. (astronomy) equinox

Declension

Declension of noun اِعْتِدَال (iʕtidāl)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِعْتِدَال iʕtidāl	الِاعْتِدَال al-iʕtidāl	اِعْتِدَال iʕtidāl
Nominative	اِعْتِدَالٌ iʕtidālun	الِاعْتِدَالُ al-iʕtidālu	اِعْتِدَالُ iʕtidālu
Accusative	اِعْتِدَالًا iʕtidālan	الِاعْتِدَالَ al-iʕtidāla	اِعْتِدَالَ iʕtidāla
Genitive	اِعْتِدَالٍ iʕtidālin	الِاعْتِدَالِ al-iʕtidāli	اِعْتِدَالِ iʕtidāli
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِعْتِدَالَيْن iʕtidālayn	الِاعْتِدَالَيْن al-iʕtidālayn	اِعْتِدَالَيْ iʕtidālay
Nominative	اِعْتِدَالَانِ iʕtidālāni	الِاعْتِدَالَانِ al-iʕtidālāni	اِعْتِدَالَا iʕtidālā
Accusative	اِعْتِدَالَيْنِ iʕtidālayni	الِاعْتِدَالَيْنِ al-iʕtidālayni	اِعْتِدَالَيْ iʕtidālay
Genitive	اِعْتِدَالَيْنِ iʕtidālayni	الِاعْتِدَالَيْنِ al-iʕtidālayni	اِعْتِدَالَيْ iʕtidālay
Plural	sound feminine plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِعْتِدَالَات iʕtidālāt	الِاعْتِدَالَات al-iʕtidālāt	اِعْتِدَالَات iʕtidālāt
Nominative	اِعْتِدَالَاتٌ iʕtidālātun	الِاعْتِدَالَاتُ al-iʕtidālātu	اِعْتِدَالَاتُ iʕtidālātu
Accusative	اِعْتِدَالَاتٍ iʕtidālātin	الِاعْتِدَالَاتِ al-iʕtidālāti	اِعْتِدَالَاتِ iʕtidālāti
Genitive	اِعْتِدَالَاتٍ iʕtidālātin	الِاعْتِدَالَاتِ al-iʕtidālāti	اِعْتِدَالَاتِ iʕtidālāti

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: etidal
• → Ottoman Turkish: اعتدال (itidal)
  • → Turkish: itidal
• → Persian: اعتدال (e'tedâl)
  • → Tajik: иътидол (iʾtidol)
• → Uzbek: e'tidol

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِعْتِدَال (iʕtidāl, “moderation, mildness”).

Noun

اعتدال • (i’tidâl) (definite accusative اعتذاری (i’tidâli), plural اعتذارلر (i’tidâller))

1. moderation, temperance, the state or quality of being moderate, avoidance of extremes
   • 1927 October, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk‎^[1], page 40:

     بوراده‌كی ، اعتدال كلمه‌سندن ، مقصدك نه اوله‌بیله‌جكنك تفسیرینی ارباب اذعانه ترك ایدرم.

     Buradaki, itidal kelimesinden, maksadın ne olabileceğinin tefsirini erbab-ı izana terk ederim.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. equilibrium, balance, stability, a state or condition in which opposing forces harmonise
3. symmetry, the exact correspondence on either side of a dividing line, plane, center or axis

Derived terms

• اعتدال بولمق (i’tidâl bulmak, “to attain to an equable state”)
• اعتدال خریفی (i’tidâl-i harifî, “autumnal equinoctial point”)
• اعتدال ربیعی (i’tidâl-i rebi’î, “vernal equinoctial point”)
• اعتدال هوا (i’tidâl-i hava, “temperate climate”)
• اعتدالسز (i’tidâlsiz, “immoderate”)
• اعتداللو (i’tidâlli, “moderate, temperate”)

 

Descendants

• Turkish: itidal

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “itidal”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2265
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “iʼtidâl”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[2] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 564
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “اعتدال”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[3], Constantinople: Mihran, page 109
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Temperantia”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[4], Vienna, column 1654
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “اعتدال”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[5], Vienna, column 278
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “itidal”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “اعتدال”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[6], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 139

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِعْتِدَال (iʕtidāl).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ʔiʔ.ti.ðɑːl]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔe̞ʔ.t̪ʰɪ.d̪ɑːl]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔe̞ʔ.t̪ʰɪ.d̪ɑːl]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʔeː.t̪ʰɪ.d̪ɑːl]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʔeː.t̪ʰi.d̪ɔːl̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔeʔ.t̪ʰe.d̪ɒːl̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔeʔ.t̪ʰi.d̪ɔl]

Readings
Classical reading?	i'tiḏāl
Dari reading?	e'tidāl
Iranian reading?	e'tedâl
Tajik reading?	eʾtidol

Noun

Dari	اعتدال
Iranian Persian
Tajik	иътидол

اعتدال • (e'tedâl)

1. moderation; mildness; equanimity

   Synonyms: تعادل (ta'âdol), تساوی (tasâvi)

   حفظ اعتدال ― hefz-e e'tedâl ― keeping one's composure

   • c. 1080, Kaykāwūs, Qābūs-nāma:

     نه بینی که زندگانی چراغ از روغن است، پس اگر بی‌حد و اندازه در چراغ روغن کنی در حال چراغ بمیرد و هم آن روغن که سبب مردن بود چون به اعتدال بود سبب حیات باشد و آن اسراف سبب ممات او بود، پس معلوم شد که چراغ از روغن زنده بود، چون از اعتدال بگذرد اسراف پدید آید و هم بدان روغن که زنده بود هم بدان روغن بمیرد

     na bīnī ki zindagānī-yi čirāğ az rōğan ast, pas agar bi hadd u andāza dar čirāğ rōğan kunī dar hāl čirāğ bimīrad u ham ān rōğan ki sabab-i mordan buwad čūn ba i'tidāl buwad sabab-i hayāt bāšad u ān asrāf sabab-i mamāt-i ō buwad, pas ma'lūm šud ki čirāğ az rōğan zinda buwad, čūn az i'tidāl biguḏarad asrāf padīd āyad u ham bad-ān rōğan ki zinda buwad ham bad-ān rōğan bimīrad.

     Do you not see that the life of an oil lamp comes from the oil? [But] if you put too much oil in the lamp, it will immediately be extinguished. Further, when the oil which caused [the fire] to be extinguished is applied in moderation, the oil causes [the fire] to live. It is excess that causes [the fire] to be extinguished. Then it becomes clear that the lamp lives thanks to the oil. When one goes beyond moderation, excess comes about, and [the lamp] is extinguished by that very oil by which it lived.

     (Classical Persian transliteration)

2. (astronomy) equinox

   اعتدال بهاری ― e'tedâl-e bahâri ― spring equinox

   اعتدال پاییزی ― e'tedâl-e pâyizi ― autumn equinox

3. (music) temperament

Further reading

• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “اعتدال”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim