лѧхъ

Old East Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *lęxъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlɛ̃xʊ/→/ˈlʲaxʊ/→/ˈlʲax/

• (ca. 9^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈlɛ̃xʊ/
• (ca. 11^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈlʲaxʊ/
• (ca. 13^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈlʲax/

• • Hyphenation: лѧ‧хъ

Noun

лѧхъ (lęxŭ) m (related adjective лѧдьскъ)

1. Lechite; Pole
2. (in the plural) Poland (a country in Europe)
   • 1377, Dmitry of Suzdal, Laurentian Codex‎^[1], page 160:

     ѿтуда пакꙑ на лѣто володимерю ѡпѧть· та посла мѧ с҃тославъ в лѧхꙑ

     otŭtuda paky na lěto volodimerju opętĭ· ta posla mę s:toslavŭ v lęxy

     thence again to Volodimir for the summer; and Svyatoslav sent me to Poland

Declension

Declension of лѧхъ (u-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	лѧхъ lęxŭ	лѧхꙑ lęxy	лѧхове lęxove
Genitive	лѧху lęxu	лѧхову lęxovu	лѧховъ lęxovŭ
Dative	лѧхови, лѧху lęxovi, lęxu	лѧхъма lęxŭma	лѧхъмъ lęxŭmŭ
Accusative	лѧхъ lęxŭ	лѧхꙑ lęxy	лѧхꙑ lęxy
Instrumental	лѧхъмь lęxŭmĭ	лѧхъма lęxŭma	лѧхъми lęxŭmi
Locative	лѧху lęxu	лѧхову lęxovu	лѧхъхъ lęxŭxŭ
Vocative	лѧхъ lęxŭ	лѧхꙑ lęxy	лѧхове lęxove

Descendants

• Old Ruthenian: лѧхъ (ljax), лєхъ (ljex)
  • Belarusian: лях (ljax)
  • Carpathian Rusyn: Лях (Ljax)
  • Ukrainian: лях (ljax)
  • → Czech: Ľach (dialectal)
  • → Polish: Lach
  • → Romanian: leah
  • → Ottoman Turkish: له (leh)
    • Turkish: Leh
    • → Middle Armenian: լեհ (leh)
      • Armenian: լեհ (leh)
• Russian: лях (ljax) (see there for further descendants)
• → Old Lithuanian:
  • Lithuanian: lénkas

Old Ruthenian

Alternative forms

• лєхъ (ljex)

Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic лѧхъ (lęxŭ), from Proto-Slavic *lęxъ, from *lęděninъ. Cognate with Russian лях (ljax).

Noun

лѧхъ • (ljax) m pers (nominative plural лѧ́хи or лѧ́хы)

1. Pole, Polish man, Polack

   Synonym: полѧ́къ (polják)

2. (in the plural) Polish people
3. (in the plural) Poland (a country in Europe); Rzeczpospolita, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
4. (in the plural) Polish army

Derived terms

• Лѧхъ (Ljax) (surname)

Descendants

• Belarusian: лях (ljax)
• Carpathian Rusyn: Лях (Ljax)
• Ukrainian: лях (ljax)
• → Czech: Ľach (dialectal)
• → Polish: Lach
• → Romanian: leah
• → Ottoman Turkish: له (leh)
  • Turkish: Leh
  • → Middle Armenian: լեհ (leh)
    • Armenian: լեհ (leh)

Further reading

• Hrynchyshyn, D. H., editor (1977), “лѧх; *лѧхы”, in Словник староукраїнської мови XIV–XV ст. [Dictionary of the Old Ukrainian Language of the 14ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ cc.] (in Ukrainian), volume 1 (А – М), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, page 569
• Bulyka, A. M., editor (1998), “ляхъ, лехъ”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 17 (лесничий – местский), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 211
• Chikalo, M. I., editor (2013), “ляхъ, лехъ, ліахъ, лѧхъ”, in Словник української мови XVI – I пол. XVII ст. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: 16ᵗʰ – 1ˢᵗ half of 17ᵗʰ c.] (in Ukrainian), numbers 16 (легкомыслность – лѧчи), Lviv: KIUS, →ISBN, page 196