Ефингар

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Russian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Uncertain. The Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia (volume 2, 1982) states that the name derives from the Hebrew יָפֶה נָהָר (Yafẹ́ Nahár, literally Beautiful River), which accords with the settlement’s founding near the River Inhul as an agricultural colony by Jews from the Russian Empire’s Lithuania Governorate(-General).[1] However, יָפֶה נָהָר (yafẹ́ nahár) reverses the usual position of the adjective (akin to “the river beautiful” in English), though this is not strictly incorrect (compare Biblical Hebrew יְפֵה נוֹף (Yəp̄ē Nōp̄, Jerusalem, literally Beautiful View) in the third verse of Psalm 48).

The toponym’s vowels also present a difficulty. The area’s and settlers’ Ashkenazi dialects of Hebrew would be expected to give penultimate stress to יָפֶה נָהָר (yáfẹ náhar) and to realise its a vowels (kamatzim) as [ɔ], [u], or [ʌ], yet no such spellings as *Ёфенгор (*Jófengor) or *Ю́фенгур (*Júfengur) are attested. Moreover, the first vowel of נָהָר (nahár) is absent in all the Russian toponym’s spellings; even assuming Sephardi stress and vowel qualities, this absence is unexplained.

Inflecting יָפֶה נָהָר (yafẹ́ nahár) for its construct state addresses this phonological difficulty: the resulting יְפֵה־נְהַר (y’fe-n’har) would be expected to yield a Russian borrowing ending in -фенгар (-fengar), whilst the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the e vowel (tzere) as [ej] also accounts for the фен–фин (fen–fin) variation in the spelling of the second syllable. (Deriving from a [j] sound without a following vowel, it is indeterminate what form the beginning of the Russian borrowing would be expected to take; И- (I-) or any iotated vowel – whereof Е- (Je-) is one – might be expected, whereas Э- (E-) is not readily explicable.) However, the construct form יְפֵה־נְהַר (y’fe-n’har) denotes a “beautiful river of” something or someone, but of what or of whom it is unclear. Thus, the phonological difficulty is exchanged for a grammatical one.

Cognate with the Ukrainian Єфінга́р (Jefinhár).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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Ефинга́р (Jefingárm inan (genitive Ефинга́ра, relational adjective ефинга́рский or ефинга́ровский)

  1. The former name, from its founding until 1945, of Плюще́вка (Pljuščévka): Yefinhar.
    • 1910, “Ефиньгаръ (Ефенгаръ) [Jefinʹgar (Jefengarʺ)]”, in Еврейская энциклопедія. Сводъ знаній о еврействѣ его культурѣ въ прошломъ и настоящемъ. [Jevrejskaja enciklopedija. Svod znanij o jevrejstvě jevo kulʹturě v prošlom i nastojaščem.], Томъ седьмой. Данцигъ — Ибнъ-Эзра. [Tom sedʹmoj. Dancig — Ibn-Ezra.], С.-Петербургъ [S.-Peterburg]: Общество для Научыхъ Еврейскихъ Изданій и Издательство Бронгаузъ-Ефронъ [Obščestvo dlja Naučyx Jevrejskix Izdanij i Izdatelʹstvo Brongauz-Jefron], column 533:
      Ефиньгаръ (Ефенгаръ) — евр. земледѣльч. колонія въ Херс. губ., у рѣки Ингула; основана въ 1809 г.; поселилось 48 сем. въ составѣ 276 душъ. Въ 1897 г., по переписи, жит. 2.226, изъ коихъ 2.038 евр. Въ 1898 г. наличныхъ семействъ-земледѣльцевъ 267; наличныхъ душъ 1.666. Случаются частые неурожап.[sic] Благопріятны условія для развитія огородничества и виноградарства. Имѣется евр. школа. — Ср.: Сборникъ Еко, II; Никитинъ, Евреи-земледѣльцы.
      Jefinʹgar (Jefengar) — jevr. zemledělʹč. kolonija v Xers. gub., u rěki Ingula; osnovana v 1809 g.; poselilosʹ 48 sem. v sostavě 276 duš. V 1897 g., po perepisi, žit. 2.226, iz koix 2.038 jevr. V 1898 g. naličnyx semejstv-zemledělʹcev 267; naličnyx duš 1.666. Slučajutsja častyje neurožap.[sic] Blagoprijatny uslovija dlja razvitija ogorodničestva i vinogradarstva. Imějetsja jevr. škola. — Sr.: Sbornik Jeko, II; Nikitin, Jevrei-zemledělʹcy.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 2009, Дми́трий Заха́рович Фе́льдман [Dmítrij Zaxárovič Félʹdman], Дми́трий Арка́дьевич Пано́в [Dmítrij Arkádʹjevič Panóv], Бурные годы «Тихого поля» в Новороссии: Два века еврейской колонии Сейдеменуха. Историко-генеалогическое исследование. [Burnyje gody «Tixovo polja» v Novorossii: Dva veka jevrejskoj kolonii Sejdemenuxa. Istoriko-genealogičeskoje issledovanije.], Москва [Moskva]: Древлехранилище [Drevlexranilišče], →ISBN, page 152:
      Эфенгар (Булгакова, Балгаков,[sic] Булгаковка, Ефенгар, Ефингар, Ефенгарь, Ефингарь, Ефиньгар, Эфенгарь, Эфенгарская Колония, Эфенгардская Колония, Ефенгардская Колония) — казенная еврейская колония, при р. Ингул.
      Efengar (Bulgakova, Balgakov,[sic] Bulgakovka, Jefengar, Jefingar, Jefengarʹ, Jefingarʹ, Jefinʹgar, Efengarʹ, Efengarskaja Kolonija, Efengardskaja Kolonija, Jefengardskaja Kolonija) — kazennaja jevrejskaja kolonija, pri r. Ingul.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

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Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Ефинга́рь [Jefingár]”, in Кра́ткая Евре́йская Энциклопе́дия [Krátkaja Jevréjskaja Enciklopédija] (in Russian), Том 2. Габба́й — Изми́р. [Tom 2. Gabbáj — Izmír.], Иерусали́м [Ijerusalím]: О́бщество по иссле́дованию евре́йских о́бщин [Óbščestvo po isslédovaniju jevréjskix óbščin], 1982, columns 481–482