χθόνιος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From χθών (khthṓn, “ground, soil”) +‎ -ῐος (-ĭos), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /kʰtʰó.ni.os/ → /ˈxθo.ni.os/ → /ˈxθo.ni.os/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰtʰó.ni.os/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkʰtʰo.ni.os/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/

Adjective

χθόνῐος • (khthónĭos) m (feminine χθονῐ́ᾱ, neuter χθόνῐον); first/second declension
χθόνῐος • (khthónĭos) m or f (neuter χθόνῐον); second declension

1. underground, subterranean, chthonian

Inflection

First and second declension of χθόνῐος; χθονῐ́ᾱ; χθόνῐον (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χθόνῐος khthónĭos	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθόνῐον khthónĭon		χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō		χθόνῐοι khthónĭoi	χθόνῐαι khthónĭai	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Genitive		χθονῐ́ου khthonĭ́ou	χθονῐ́ᾱς khthonĭ́ās	χθονῐ́ου khthonĭ́ou		χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́αιν khthonĭ́ain	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin		χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn	χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn	χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn
Dative		χθονῐ́ῳ khthonĭ́ōi	χθονῐ́ᾳ khthonĭ́āi	χθονῐ́ῳ khthonĭ́ōi		χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́αιν khthonĭ́ain	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin		χθονῐ́οις khthonĭ́ois	χθονῐ́αις khthonĭ́ais	χθονῐ́οις khthonĭ́ois
Accusative		χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθονῐ́ᾱν khthonĭ́ān	χθόνῐον khthónĭon		χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō		χθονῐ́ους khthonĭ́ous	χθονῐ́ᾱς khthonĭ́ās	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Vocative		χθόνῐε khthónĭe	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθόνῐον khthónĭon		χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō		χθόνῐοι khthónĭoi	χθόνῐαι khthónĭai	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		χθονῐ́ως khthonĭ́ōs				χθονῐώτερος khthonĭṓteros				χθονῐώτᾰτος khthonĭṓtătos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of χθόνῐος; χθόνῐον (Attic)

Number		Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χθόνῐος khthónĭos	χθόνῐον khthónĭon		χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō		χθόνῐοι khthónĭoi	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Genitive		χθονῐ́ου khthonĭ́ou	χθονῐ́ου khthonĭ́ou		χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin		χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn	χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn
Dative		χθονῐ́ῳ khthonĭ́ōi	χθονῐ́ῳ khthonĭ́ōi		χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin		χθονῐ́οις khthonĭ́ois	χθονῐ́οις khthonĭ́ois
Accusative		χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθόνῐον khthónĭon		χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō		χθονῐ́ους khthonĭ́ous	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Vocative		χθόνῐε khthónĭe	χθόνῐον khthónĭon		χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō		χθόνῐοι khthónĭoi	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Derived forms		Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
		χθονῐ́ως khthonĭ́ōs			χθονῐώτερος khthonĭṓteros			χθονῐώτᾰτος khthonĭṓtătos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Synonyms

• ὑπόγειος (hupógeios)

Descendants

• Greek: χθόνιος (chthónios)
• English: chthonian
• Latin: chthonius
  • Italian: ctonio

References

• “χθόνιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “χθόνιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• χθόνιος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• “χθόνιος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • hellish idem, page 395.
  • infernal idem, page 437.
  • nether idem, page 556.
  • subterranean idem, page 833.
  • tartarean idem, page 856.
  • under idem, page 912.
  • underground idem, page 913.
  • world idem, page 989.