īpašs

Latvian

Etymology

Originally a compound, from an old third-person pronominal element *i- (whence also Latvian it, q.v.) and the (reflexive) pronominal element pats. An original u-stem *īpatus became īpats (“peculiar”) (more frequently īpatnējs), while a parallel i-stem form yielded īpašs (such pairs were frequent, sometimes suriving to the present day; cf. e.g. plats and plašs). The meaning has varied throughout time, from “its own,” “self” (17th century) to “s/he/it him/her/itself” (18th century) to finally the modern sense of “special” (19th century). Cognates include Lithuanian ypatùs (“special, peculiar, different”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [īːpaʃ]

Adjective

īpašs (definite īpašais, comparative īpašāks, superlative visīpašākais, adverb īpaši)

1. specific, independent (separate from others)

   viņam bija uzlikts tas pats ēdiens uz īpaša galdiņa ― he was served the same dish on a special table

   vārda dienā jau mēdz ierasties bez īpašas aicināšanas! ― people come on (one's) name day without special invitation!

2. special, particular, specific (different from others, from usual)

   pievērst, veltīt īpašu uzmanību ― to pay special attention

   šī bija īpaša diena ― this was a special day

   vai kaut kas īpašs noticis? ― has anything special happened?

   viņa strādāja labi, ar īpašu dedzību ― she worked well, with special zeal

3. specific, peculiar, unusual, unique, distinct

   Ārija parausta plecus tādā īpašā manierē, citas meitenes to neprot ― Ārija shrugs (her) shoulds in such a unique manner, the other girls can't do it

   katra laikmeta dzīve atklājas īpašos konfliktos, īpašos sižetos un tēlos ― the life of every era appears in (its) specific conflicts, in (its) speciic plots and characters

   tulkojumi ir īpašs literatūras žanrs ar savu specifiku ― translations are a distinct literary genre with its own specificities

4. (adverbial form) especially, specifically, on purpose, deliberately

   Juzītis pats tikko esot te bijis, īpaši braucis no Rīgas, lai viņu apciemotu! ― Juzītis himself had just been there, (having) traveled from Riga specifically to visit him

Declension

indefinite declension (nenoteiktā galotne) of īpašs

	masculine (vīriešu dzimte)			feminine (sieviešu dzimte)
	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)		singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs)	īpašs	īpaši		īpaša	īpašas
accusative (akuzatīvs)	īpašu	īpašus		īpašu	īpašas
genitive (ģenitīvs)	īpaša	īpašu		īpašas	īpašu
dative (datīvs)	īpašam	īpašiem		īpašai	īpašām
instrumental (instrumentālis)	īpašu	īpašiem		īpašu	īpašām
locative (lokatīvs)	īpašā	īpašos		īpašā	īpašās
vocative (vokatīvs)	—	—		—	—

Synonyms

• (of "particular", "peculiar"): īpats, īpatns, īpatnējs, savdabīgs
• (of "specific", "distinct"): raksturīgs

Derived terms

• īpašība
• īpašnieks, īpašniece
• īpašums

Related terms

• īpats, īpatns, īpatnējs
• pats