uton

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See also: utoń and úton

Ladin

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin autumnus (autumn, fall), of uncertain etymology. The Latin etymon is directly continued by Romanian toamnă, Aromanian toamnã (unless these reflect the variant in a-), Italian autono (Northern Italy, 15th c.), Romansch utuon (Engadine), Spanish otoño (→ Logudorese Sardinian atónzu, Campidanese atógniu), Portuguese outono, and via Vulgar Latin *atumnus by Friulian atum (october), Romansch atun (Sursilvan), aton (Surmiran). Provençal autoun (autumn harvest) could be Latin-influenced; French autonne is likely, and Catalan autumne certain to be a borrowing from Latin.

Noun

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uton m (plural utons)

  1. (Fascian) autumn, fall

Alternative forms

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See also

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Seasons in Ladin · sajons (layout · text) · category
ansciuda (gherdëina), aisciöda (badiot), aisciuda (fascian) instà (gherdëina), isté (badiot), istà (fascian) autonn (autumn), altonn (badiot), uton (fascian) inviern (gherdëina), invern (badiot, fascian)

Old English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Usually said to originate from a form of witan (to know). Ringe explains it as an allegro form of PWGmc 1pl. *(ga)wītum (“we're going, we'll go”) which escaped the North Sea Germanic displacement of 1pl. endings because speakers reinterpreted it as a separate word.[1]

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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uton

  1. let's

Usage notes

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Uton is often described as a defective verb with only a sort of first-person plural imperative inflection remaining. However, there are several striking ways it does not behave like a verb:[2][3]

  • It rarely pushes the following infinitive to the end of the sentence. Instead the infinitive usually comes directly after, except a weakly stressed word like an adverb or object pronoun often goes sandwiched in between: Uton nū brūcan þisses undernmetes (“Now let's enjoy this breakfast”).
  • Finite verb endings are frequently replaced with -e when they directly precede , ġē, wit, or ġit. But though the phrase uton wē occurs, *ute wē does not. Even Ælfric, who uses the reduced endings almost 95% of the time, never writes *ute wē, while uton wē appears in his works ten times.
  • Uton has a fixed place within the sentence, being usually clause-initial and never clause-final. Even imperatives are occasionally final, especially in a conjunct clause, but uton never is.
  • In the phrase "let's not," ne goes directly before the infinitive: Uton ne forlǣtan ġīet þās bōc (“Let's not leave this book yet”). Ne only does this when there is no finite verb to negate; otherwise it always goes before the finite verb, yet there are no instances of *ne uton.

References

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  1. ^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 371
  2. ^ Linda van Bergen, 2012. "Ne + infinitive constructions in Old English." English Language and Linguistics 16(3), 487-518. pp. 501-503
  3. ^ Linda van Bergen, 2013. "Let's Talk about Uton." pp. 157-183 in Meaning in the History of English: Words and texts in context, Studies in Language Companion Series, edited by A. Juckert, D. Landert, A. Seiler, and N. Studer-Joho. Amsterdam: John Banjamins.