ngoto

Ternate

Etymology

Univerbation of ngori (“I”) +‎ to- (“first-person singular clitic”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈŋo.to]

Pronoun

ngoto (possessive prefix ri)

1. first-person singular pronoun, I

   ngoto hohe bahaya ― I laughed a lot

Usage notes

As the clitic here is fused with the pronoun, this pronomial form does not apply a subject clitic to the following verb.

See also

Ternate personal pronouns

	independent			subject proclitic		possessive
	Informal	Formal
1st person singular	ngori	fangarem, fajaruf		to		ri
2nd person singular	ngana	ngoni, jou ngoni		no		ni
3rd person singular	unam, minaf			om, mof, inh		im, mif, manh
1st person plural inclusive	ngone			fo		na, nga
1st person plural exclusive	ngomi	fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif, fara ngomi1		mi		mi, mia
2nd person plural	ngoni			ni		na, nia
3rd person plural	anah, enanh			ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, †		nah, ngah, manh

• unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
• m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
• 1 - for mixed-gender groups
• † - archaic

References

• Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh