gorfod

Welsh

Alternative forms

• gorod

Etymology

gor- (“super-, over-”) +‎ bod (“to be”). Cf. Old Irish fortá (“to remain, to be superior to”).

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɔrvɔd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɔrɔd/, /ˈɡɔrɔ/
• (South Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɔrvɔd/
  • (South Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɔrfɔd/, /ˈɡɔfɔd/, /ˈɡɔfɔ/

Verb

gorfod (first-person singular present gorfyddaf)

1. (transitive) to have to, must

   Synonym: bod rhaid i

Conjugation

Conjugation (literary)

	singular			plural			impersonal
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present/future	gorfyddaf	gorfyddi	cyferfydd	gorfyddwn	gorfyddwch	gorfyddant	gorfyddir
imperfect/conditional	gorfyddwn	gorfyddit	gorfyddai	gorfyddem	gorfyddech	gorfyddent	gorfyddid
preterite	gorfûm, gorfyddais	gorfuost, gorfyddaist	gorfu, gorfyddodd	gorfuom, gorfyddasom	gorfuoch, gorfyddasoch	gorfuant, gorfyddasant	gorfuwyd
pluperfect	gorfuaswn	gorfuasit	gorfuasai	gorfuasem	gorfuasech	gorfuasent	gorfuasid
subjunctive	gorfyddwyf	gorfyddych	gorfyddo	gorfyddom	gorfyddoch	gorfyddont	gorfydder
imperative	—	gorfydda	gorfydded	gorfyddwn	gorfyddwch	gorfyddent	gorfydder
verbal noun	gorfod
verbal adjectives	gorfyddedig gorfyddadwy

Conjugation (colloquial)

Inflected colloquial forms	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	gorfydda i, gorfyddaf i	gorfyddi di	gorfydd o/e/hi	gorfyddwn ni	gorfyddwch chi	gorfyddan nhw
conditional	gorfyddwn i, gorfyddswn i	gorfyddet ti, gorfyddset ti	gorfyddai fo/fe/hi, gorfyddsai fo/fe/hi	gorfydden ni, gorfyddsen ni	gorfyddech chi, gorfyddsech chi	gorfydden nhw, gorfyddsen nhw
preterite	gorfues i	gorfuest ti	gorfuodd o/e/hi	gorfuon ni	gorfuoch chi	gorfuon nhw
imperative	—	gorfydda	—	—	gorfyddwch	—
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Derived terms

• gorfodwr (“victor”)
• gorfodiad (“compulsion”)
• gorfodadwy (“enforceable, surmountable”)

Noun

gorfod f or m (plural gorfodau)

1. victory, triumph, supremacy
   1. success
2. obligation, necessity

Derived terms

• cael y gorfod (“to triumph”)
• ciwed orfod (“press-gang”)
• dan orfod, yng ngorfod (“under obligation, obliged”)
• gorfodaeth (“compulsion, enforcement”)
• (law) gorfodeb (“injunction”)
• gorfodedd (“supremacy, dominance”)
• gorfodi (“to force, to compel”)
• gorfodog (“victorious, triumphant”)
• gorfodol, gorfodus (“obligatory, compulsory”)
• gorfodrif (“majority”)
• (historical) gorfotref (“subdivision of a feudal estate”)
• o orfod, trwy orfod (“by necessity, obligatorily”)

 

Adjective

gorfod (feminine singular gorfod, plural gorfod, not comparable)

1. victorious, successful

   Synonyms: buddugol, gorchfygol, buddugol, llwyddiannus

2. compulsory, mandatory, obligatory

   Synonyms: gorfodol, diriol, rhwymedig

Derived terms

• gŵr gorfod (“victor”)
• llafur gorfod (“forced labour”)

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
gorfod	orfod	ngorfod	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.