Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ti

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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

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Alternative forms

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Suffix

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*-ti

  1. Past tense seen or clear
    *seb- (to love) + ‎*-ti → ‎*sebdi ((I saw/I'm sure) she/he/it loved.)

Usage notes

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  1. Non verbs cannot directly take past tenses. The verb Proto-Turkic *er- (to be (aux.)) takes the past tense suffix and with it the meaning of the past tense is provided. For example;
    *eb er- (house + to be) + ‎*-ti → ‎*eb erti ((I saw/I'm sure) it was a house.)
  2. Contrary to modern usages, as in Old Turkic and Bulgar language, the consonants l, r and n are followed by the strong consonant form; remaining sounds are followed by the soft consonant form. For example;
    *uč- (to fly) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdï (She/he/it flew.)
    *yüri- (to walk) + ‎*-ti → ‎*yüridi (She/he/it walked.)
    *öl- (to die) + ‎*-ti → ‎*ölti (She/he/it died.)
  3. It's also only effected by roundness harmony if used for first and second person singular and plural suffixes.
    *uč- (to fly) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdum (I flew.)
    *uč- (to fly) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učduŋ (You flew.)
    *uč- (to fly) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdumuŕ (We flew.)
    *uč- (to fly) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učduŋuŕ (You flew.)

See the Wikibooks page about past tenses in Proto-Turkic to learn more about it.

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  • *-miĺ (past tense heard or unclear)
  • *-gan (verbal adjective)
  • *-duk (past verbal adjective)

Descendants

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  • Oghur:
    • Volga Bulgar: -تِ (-ti), -جِ (-çi)
    • Khazar: 𐰻𐰘- (-ru) (classification disputed)
  • Common Turkic:
  • Arghu:
    • Khalaj: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (erti)
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-di)
    • Salar: -di (pronunciation is like -ci)
    • Turkmen: -di
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid:
      • Khorezmian Turkic:
        • Chagatai:
          • Uzbek: -di
          • Uyghur: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (-di)
  • Kipchak:
    • West Kipchak:
      • Crimean Tatar: -di
      • Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (-di)
      • Kumyk: [script needed] (-di)
      • Karaim:
    • North Kipchak:
      • Bashkir:
      • Tatar:
    • South Kipchak:
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic:
    • North Siberian:
      • Yakut:
      • Dolgan:
    • South Siberian:
      • Sayan Turkic:
        • Tofa:
        • Tuvan:
      • Yenisei Turkic:
        • Khakas:
        • Shor:
        • Western Yugur:

References

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  • Erdal, Marcel (2004) “-dI”, in A Grammar of Old Turkic (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies; 3), Brill Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 238
  • Krueger, John Richard (1961) Chuvash Manual: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary (Uralic and Altaic Series; 7), Indiana University, →ISBN, page 144