Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)

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This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

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Etymology

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  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *b-kɑ-n (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (Matisoff, STEDT); *b-ka-n (Matisoff, 2003; Mortensen, 2012); *ka (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ka (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kɑ (Chou, 1972)

Derivative: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (difficult, hard).

Compare Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (bitter) (Thai ขม (kǒm), Lao ຂົມ (khom)); also compare: Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn), Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, bitter, astringent, ascerbic).

Adjective

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*b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)

  1. bitter
  2. bile
  3. liver

Descendants

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  • Old Chinese: /*kʰˤaʔ/ (B-S), /*kʰaːʔ/ (ZS) ("bitter; a bitter plant"); /*kʰˤa-s/ (B-S, unlisted), /*kʰaːs/ (ZS) ("difficult, hardship"); (gān) /*s.kˤar/ (B-S); /*kaːn/ (ZS) ("liver")
    • Middle Chinese: (kʰuoX, kʰuoH/), (kɑn)
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**:

Japanese:  (, ​ku)
Korean:  (, go)
Vietnamese: khổ ()

    • Vietnamese: khó (hard, difficult; delicate)

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Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.

**:

Japanese:  (かん, ​kan)
Korean:  (, gan)
Vietnamese: can ()

    • Vietnamese: gan (liver)

      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: (, /kʰu²¹⁴/), (gān) (gān, /kan⁵⁵/)
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
          • Written Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, bitter), དཀ་བ (dak ba, difficult)
  • Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa
    • Northern
  • Naic:
    • Naish:
      • Naxi: ka (bitter)
  • Nungish:
    • Rawang: ka (bitter)
    • Trung/Drung/Dulong: ka (bitter)
  • Sal
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
    • Loloish
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): (ke, bitter)
        • Katso: ka³³
      • Central Loloish
        • Lisu (Northern): ꓘꓪꓽ (kʰwɑ̀, bitter, too salty)
        • Lolopo: kar (bitter)
      • Southeastern Loloish
  • Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)

See also

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  • *m-sin (liver, heart, bile, bitter)
  • *m-ka (mouth, opening, door)
  • *ka (word, speech, language)
  • *tsa (salt)