Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-kos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *-ḱos

Suffix

*-kos

1. Creates deadjectival and desubstantival adjectives denoting the characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to.

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-kos	*-keh₂
genitive	*-kosyo	*-keh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-kos	*-koh₁	*-koes
vocative	*-ke	*-koh₁	*-koes
accusative	*-kom	*-koh₁	*-koms
genitive	*-kosyo	*?	*-koHom
ablative	*-kead	*?	*-komos
dative	*-koey	*?	*-komos
locative	*-key, *-koy	*?	*-koysu
instrumental	*-koh₁	*?	*-kōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-keh₂	*-keh₂h₁(e)	*-keh₂es
vocative	*-keh₂	*-keh₂h₁(e)	*-keh₂es
accusative	*-kām	*-keh₂h₁(e)	*-keh₂m̥s
genitive	*-keh₂s	*?	*-keh₂oHom
ablative	*-keh₂s	*?	*-keh₂mos
dative	*-keh₂ey	*?	*-keh₂mos
locative	*-keh₂, *-keh₂i	*?	*-keh₂su
instrumental	*-keh₂h₁	*?	*-keh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-kom	*-koy(h₁)	*-keh₂
vocative	*-kom	*-koy(h₁)	*-keh₂
accusative	*-kom	*-koy(h₁)	*-keh₂
genitive	*-kosyo	*?	*-koHom
ablative	*-kead	*?	*-komos
dative	*-koey	*?	*-komos
locative	*-key, *-koy	*?	*-koysu
instrumental	*-koh₁	*?	*-kōys

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-kas
  • Lithuanian: -ingas (with an /n/ infix)
  • Latvian: -īgs
  • Proto-Slavic: *-kъ (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *-kos
  • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *-ākos
• Proto-Germanic: *-gaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-kos
  • Ancient Greek: -κός (-kós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-kas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *-kos
  • Latin: -cus (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Latin: -icus (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Albanian: *-ikā
  • Proto-Albanian: *-kā,
    • *Albanian: -kë,

Derived terms

Category Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-kos not found

• *-ikos
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ikas
    • Lithuanian: -ikas, -ikis
    • Proto-Slavic: *-ьcь (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-ikos
    • Ancient Greek: -ικός (-ikós)
• *-keh₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-kāˀ
    • Proto-Slavic: *-ъka (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-akas, *-ukas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-ъkъ (see there for further descendants)
• >? Proto-Germanic: *-ingaz, *-ungō, *-ingō, *-engō (see there for further descendants)