Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gramô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *gramaz (“angry”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to sound, bellow, growl, roar, be angry”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣrɑ.mɔːː/

Noun

*gramô m

1. anger, wrath
2. one who is angry, fiend, enemy

Declension

Declension of *gramô (an-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*gramô	*gramaniz
Vocative	*gramô	*gramaniz
Accusative	*gramanų	*gramanunz
Genitive	*graminiz	*gramanǫ̂
Dative	*gramini	*gramammaz
Instrumental	*graminē	*gramammiz

Related terms

• *gramalīkaz
• *gramaz
• *gramį̄
• *gramitjaną
• *gramiþō
• *gramjaną
• *gramstaz
• *grimmaz

Descendants

• Old English: grama, groma
  • Middle English: grame, grome
    • English: grame
    • Scots: grame, gram
• Old Saxon: gramo (“fiend, Devil”)
  • Middle Low German: gram (“anger, grief, bitterness, indignation, hostility”)
  • ⇒ Middle Low German: grāmich
  • ⇒ Middle Low German: grāmen, grammen
• Old High German: *gramo
  • Middle High German: gram m; grame f
    • German: Gram; Grame, Gräme
• Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰 (*grama)
  • → Vulgar Latin: *gramo
    • Italian: gramo
    • Old French: grain, graigne
    • Old Occitan: gram