Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dreuganą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdreu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be deceptive; damage”).

Verb

*dreuganą

2. to mislead, deceive

Inflection

Conjugation of *dreuganą (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*dreugō	*dreugaų	—	*dreugai	?
2nd singular	*driugizi	*dreugaiz	*dreug	*dreugazai	*dreugaizau
3rd singular	*driugidi	*dreugai	*dreugadau	*dreugadai	*dreugaidau
1st dual	*dreugōz	*dreugaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*dreugadiz	*dreugaidiz	*dreugadiz	—	—
1st plural	*dreugamaz	*dreugaim	—	*dreugandai	*dreugaindau
2nd plural	*driugid	*dreugaid	*driugid	*dreugandai	*dreugaindau
3rd plural	*dreugandi	*dreugain	*dreugandau	*dreugandai	*dreugaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*draug	*drugį̄
2nd singular	*drauht	*drugīz
3rd singular	*draug	*drugī
1st dual	*drugū	*drugīw
2nd dual	*drugudiz	*drugīdiz
1st plural	*drugum	*drugīm
2nd plural	*drugud	*drugīd
3rd plural	*drugun	*drugīn
	present	past
participles	*dreugandz	*druganaz

Derived terms

• *draugaz
• *drugą

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
  • Old Frisian: driāga
    • Saterland Frisian: drjooge
  • Old Saxon: driogan
    • Middle Low German: drêgen, drȫgen, drogen
      • German Low German: dregen
  • Old Dutch: *driegan
    • Middle Dutch: driegen
      • Dutch: bedriegen
  • Old High German: triogan
    • Middle High German: triegen, trūgen
      • German: trügen

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to hold fast; retain; support”).

Verb

*dreuganą

2. to serve, to be a retainer

Inflection

Conjugation of *dreuganą (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*dreugō	*dreugaų	—	*dreugai	?
2nd singular	*driugizi	*dreugaiz	*dreug	*dreugazai	*dreugaizau
3rd singular	*driugidi	*dreugai	*dreugadau	*dreugadai	*dreugaidau
1st dual	*dreugōz	*dreugaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*dreugadiz	*dreugaidiz	*dreugadiz	—	—
1st plural	*dreugamaz	*dreugaim	—	*dreugandai	*dreugaindau
2nd plural	*driugid	*dreugaid	*driugid	*dreugandai	*dreugaindau
3rd plural	*dreugandi	*dreugain	*dreugandau	*dreugandai	*dreugaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*draug	*drugį̄
2nd singular	*drauht	*drugīz
3rd singular	*draug	*drugī
1st dual	*drugū	*drugīw
2nd dual	*drugudiz	*drugīdiz
1st plural	*drugum	*drugīm
2nd plural	*drugud	*drugīd
3rd plural	*drugun	*drugīn
	present	past
participles	*dreugandz	*druganaz

Derived terms

• *druhtiz
• *druhtinaz

Related terms

• *draugą
• *draugô
• *driugijaną
• *drangijaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
  • Old English: drēogan
    • Middle English: dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen
      • Scots: dre, drie, drey, dree
      • English: dree, drudge
• Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (driugan)