-라

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Jeju

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Pronunciation

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Suffix

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(-ra)

  1. Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of 으라 (-eura, imperative suffix).

Korean

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Pronunciation

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Romanizations
Revised Romanization?ra
Revised Romanization (translit.)?la
McCune–Reischauer?ra
Yale Romanization?la

Etymology 1

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From Middle Korean 라〮 (Yale: -lá), lenited form of 다〮 (Yale: -tá).

It is not clear why lenition only occurred at these specific environments. Vovin speculates that lenition occurred at intervocalic environments except at verbal morpheme boundaries when preceded by a "minimal vowel": (Yale: u-) or (Yale: o-). Hence lenition occurred after (Yale: -te-), but not after ᄂᆞ (Yale: -no-). To explain why only the stem (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula) triggers lenition and not the many Class H! verbs, all of whose stems end with a non-minimal vowel, Vovin suggests that all Class H! verbs were originally once closed-syllable stems with nasal or liquid finals.[1] However, Vovin's arguments remain for the most part speculative.

Suffix

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(-ra)

  1. Alternative form of (-da, declarative suffix), found in the following environments:
    1. Directly after the stem of 이다 (-ida, to be, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, to not be):
      1. Used in all indirect quotes (either explicit or implicit), before markers such as (-go), (-ni), (-myeon), etc.
        ?Mwo-ra-go?What did you say?
        누구?Jae-ga nugu-ra-go?Who did you say he was?
        이게 아니?Ige ani-ra-go?This isn't it?
        저게 사람, 이야?Jeoge saram-i-ra-ni, mwon mar-iya?That's a person? What do you mean?
        스펀지 동물 그랬어.Seupeonji-do dongmur-i-ra-go geuraesseo.They say a sponge is also an animal.
        아니 그랬어.Na-neun ani-ra-go geuraesseo.I said that it wasn't me.
      2. (colloquial) Short for (-ra-go, alternative form of (-da-go) for the copulative stems), when not used sentence-finally.
        스펀지 동물 그랬어.Seupeonji-do dongmur-i-ra geuraesseo.They say a sponge is also an animal.
      3. (dated, dialectal or very literary) Used directly after the stem in all environments. This was historically obligatory but is now dated.
        효자 아니.I-neun hyoja-ga ani-ra.This is not a filial son.
        모르거든 사람 금수.Do-reul moreu-geodeun saram-do geumsu-ra.If a man knows not the Way, he too is a beast.
    2. After (-deo-, retrospective suffix), as 더라 (-deora).
    3. Optionally after 으리 (-euri-, prospective suffix), as 으리라 (-eurira).
    4. Used in 느니라 (-neunira).
Usage notes
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  • Note that (-ra) cannot occur after (-eot-) and (-get-), because both derive etymologically from 있다 (itda).
    Hence (-i-ra-go), but (-i-eot-da-go), (-i-get-da-go).

Particle

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(-ra)

  1. Short for 라고 (-rago, post-vowel form of 이라고 (-irago, direct quotation marker)).

Etymology 2

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From Middle Korean 라〮 (Yale: -lá).

Suffix

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(-ra)

  1. because, since; used directly after the stem of 이다 (-ida, to be, copula), whether present or elided, and its negative 아니다 (anida, to not be). It is the equivalent of the infinitive (-eo) for other stems.
    Synonym: 라서 (-raseo)
    유기농 그런지 많이 비싸다.Yuginong-i-ra geureonji mani bissada.It's very expensive, maybe because it's organic.
  2. Only used in 아니라 (anira, but rather).
Usage notes
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  • Its interaction with other suffixes, such as 으옵 (-euop-), suggests that the underlying form of this suffix is actually 으라 (-eura). However, this form never actually surfaces because it only occurs after two vowel-final stems.

Etymology 3

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From Middle Korean 라〮 (Yale: -lá); see the main entry for more.

Suffix

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(-ra)

  1. Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of 으라 (-eura, imperative suffix).

Etymology 4

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Compare dialectal (-re) and (-ri).

Particle

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(-ra)

  1. (Hwanghae, Pyongan, Northern Gangwon) suffix used after words ending with a vowel.
    Synonym: (Standard Korean) (-ga)
    • 2007, 황대화 [hwangdaehwa], 황해도 방언 연구 [hwanghaedo bang'eon yeon'gu, Study of the Hwanghae dialect], (북한) 강원도 이천군 [(bukhan) gang'wondo icheon'gun]: 한국 문화사, →ISBN:
      누구 ?
      Nugura eom-ni?
      Is someone there?

References

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  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin, University of Hawai’i Press, →ISBN, →JSTOR, pages 26—28