좁다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 좁다〮 (Yale: cwòp-tá).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕo̞p̚t͈a̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [좁따]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	jopda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	jobda
McCune–Reischauer?	chopta
Yale Romanization?	copta

Adjective

좁다 • (jopda) (infinitive 좁아, sequential 좁으니)

1. to be narrow

   Antonym: 넓다 (neolda, “to be wide”)

Conjugation

Unlike most adjectives whose stems end in ㅂ (b), 좁다 (jopda) does not undergo the stem change ㅂ→우 before a vowel.

    Selected forms of the adjective 좁다 (jopda): consonant-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	좁다 jopda	좁아 joba	좁아요 jobayo	좁습니다 jopseumnida
	Past	좁았다 jobatda	좁았어 jobasseo	좁았어요 jobasseoyo	좁았습니다 jobatseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	좁으냐 jobeunya	좁아 joba	좁아요 jobayo	좁습니까 jopseumnikka
	Past	좁았냐 jobannya	좁았어 jobasseo	좁았어요 jobasseoyo	좁았습니까 jobatseumnikka
Assertive		좁겠다 jopgetda	좁겠어 jopgesseo	좁겠어요 jopgesseoyo	좁겠습니다 jopgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		좁아 joba	좁아서 jobaseo	좁으니 jobeuni	좁으니까 jobeunikka
Contrast		좁지만 jopjiman	좁은데 jobeunde	좁더니 jopdeoni
Conjunction		좁고 jopgo
Condition		좁으면 jobeumyeon	좁아야 jobaya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		좁음 jobeum	좁기 jopgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		좁았음 jobasseum	좁았기 jobatgi
Determiners	Present		좁은 jobeun
	Future		좁을 jobeul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	좁으시다 jobeusida	좁으셔 jobeusyeo	좁으세요, 좁으셔요 jobeuseyo, jobeusyeoyo	좁으십니다 jobeusimnida
	Past	좁으셨다 jobeusyeotda	좁으셨어 jobeusyeosseo	좁으셨어요 jobeusyeosseoyo	좁으셨습니다 jobeusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	좁으시냐 jobeusinya	좁으셔 jobeusyeo	좁으세요, 좁으셔요 jobeuseyo, jobeusyeoyo	좁으십니까 jobeusimnikka
	Past	좁으셨냐 jobeusyeonnya	좁으셨어 jobeusyeosseo	좁으셨어요 jobeusyeosseoyo	좁으셨습니까 jobeusyeotseumnikka
Assertive		좁으시겠다 jobeusigetda	좁으시겠어 jobeusigesseo	좁으시겠어요 jobeusigesseoyo	좁으시겠습니다 jobeusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		좁으셔 jobeusyeo	좁으셔서 jobeusyeoseo	좁으시니 jobeusini	좁으시니까 jobeusinikka
Contrast		좁으시지만 jobeusijiman	좁으신데 jobeusinde	좁으시더니 jobeusideoni
Conjunction		좁으시고 jobeusigo
Condition		좁으시면 jobeusimyeon	좁으셔야 jobeusyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		좁으심 jobeusim	좁으시기 jobeusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		좁으셨음 jobeusyeosseum	좁으셨기 jobeusyeotgi
Determiners	Present		좁으신 jobeusin
	Future		좁으실 jobeusil