落ちる
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Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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落 |
お Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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堕ちる (negative connotations) 墜ちる |
Etymology
[edit]/otu/ → /ot͡su/ → /ot͡ɕiru/
Regular development from classical verb form 落つ (otsu, “to fall; to decline; to come to an end”). In turn, from Old Japanese 落つ (otu) of the same meaning,[1][2][3][4][5] from Proto-Japonic *ətu.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 落つ entry.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[2]
Via root ot-, cognate with 劣る (otoru, “to fail, to lose; to be of lower rank”, intransitive) and 落とす (otosu, “to drop something”, transitive). Additionally, cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *ote (“to fall”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「落ちる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
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Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
落ちる | おちる | [òchíꜜrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 落ちろ | おちろ | [òchíꜜrò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 落ちられる | おちられる | [òchíráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 落ちさせる | おちさせる | [òchísáséꜜrù] |
Potential | - | - | - |
Volitional | 落ちよう | おちよー | [òchíyóꜜò] |
Negative | 落ちない | おちない | [òchíꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 落ちなかった | おちなかった | [òchíꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 落ちます | おちます | [òchímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 落ちた | おちた | [óꜜchìtà] |
Conjunctive | 落ちて | おちて | [óꜜchìtè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 落ちれば | おちれば | [òchíꜜrèbà] |
Verb
[edit]落ちる • (ochiru) intransitive ichidan (stem 落ち (ochi), past 落ちた (ochita))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 落とす |
mediopassive | 落ちる |
- to fall
- りんごが木から落ちた。
- Ringo ga ki kara ochita.
- The apple fell from the tree.
- りんごが木から落ちた。
- (computing) to go down (as when a computer or application becomes unresponsive)
- (electrical engineering, of a circuit breaker) to trip
- ブレーカーが落ちた
- burēkā ga ochita
- the circuit breaker tripped
- ブレーカーが落ちた
- (informal) to fail an examination
- Antonym: 受かる (ukaru)
- (Internet slang, chat, video games, etc., of a person) to leave; to sign off; to drop off; to drop
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.- ネットに落ちてる
- netto ni ochiteru
- to have been placed on the web
- ネットに落ちてる
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "落ちる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 落ち | おち | ochi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 落ち | おち | ochi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 落ちる | おちる | ochiru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 落ちる | おちる | ochiru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 落ちれ | おちれ | ochire | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 落ちよ¹ 落ちろ² |
おちよ¹ おちろ² |
ochiyo¹ ochiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 落ちられる | おちられる | ochirareru | |
Causative | 落ちさせる 落ちさす |
おちさせる おちさす |
ochisaseru ochisasu | |
Potential | 落ちられる 落ちれる³ |
おちられる おちれる³ |
ochirareru ochireru³ | |
Volitional | 落ちよう | おちよう | ochiyō | |
Negative | 落ちない 落ちぬ 落ちん |
おちない おちぬ おちん |
ochinai ochinu ochin | |
Negative continuative | 落ちず | おちず | ochizu | |
Formal | 落ちます | おちます | ochimasu | |
Perfective | 落ちた | おちた | ochita | |
Conjunctive | 落ちて | おちて | ochite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 落ちれば | おちれば | ochireba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Idioms
[edit]- 猿も木から落ちる (saru mo ki kara ochiru): “even monkeys fall from trees” → even the experts make mistakes
- 問うに落ちず語るに落ちる (tō ni ochizu kataru ni ochiru)
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- 飯落ち (meshiochi)
See also
[edit]- 転ぶ (korobu, “to fall over, to tumble”)
- 崩れる (kuzureru, “to collapse, to fall into ruin”)
- 落下 (rakka, “to drop”, more formal)
References
[edit]- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “落・堕・墜”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ “落ちる”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 落 read as お
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese ichidan verbs
- Japanese kami ichidan verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples
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