艱苦
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See also: 艰苦
Chinese
[edit]| difficult; hard; hardship | bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (艱苦) | 艱 | 苦 | |
| simp. (艰苦) | 艰 | 苦 | |
Pronunciation
[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan1 fu2
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kân-khú / kiên-khú / kiân-khú
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiankǔ
- Wade–Giles: chien1-kʻu3
- Yale: jyān-kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiankuu
- Palladius: цзяньку (czjanʹku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gaan1 fu2
- Yale: gāan fú
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaan1 fu2
- Guangdong Romanization: gan1 fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiên-khú
- Hakka Romanization System: gan´ ku` / gien´ ku`
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 ku3 / gian1 ku3
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯en²⁴ kʰu³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiân-khú
- Hakka Romanization System: gan´ ku` / gian´ ku`
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 ku3 / gian1 ku3
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯an²⁴ kʰu³¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: kian-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: kienqor
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Penang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khan-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: khan-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: qanqor
- IPA (Penang): /kʰan³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gang1 kou2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang khóu
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/
Adjective
[edit]艱苦
- arduous; laborious
- (Hokkien, Teochew) difficult; hard
- (Hokkien, Teochew) agonizing; hard to bear; unwell
- (Hokkien) poor; impoverished
Synonyms
[edit]| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 辛苦, 累人, 吃重, 吃力 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 辛苦 |
| Taiwan | 辛苦 | |
| Malaysia | 辛苦 | |
| Singapore | 辛苦 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 辛苦 |
| Hong Kong | 辛苦 | |
| Taishan | 辛苦 | |
| Dongguan | 辛苦 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 辛苦 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 辛苦 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 辛苦 |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 辛苦 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 辛苦 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 辛苦 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 辛苦 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 辛苦 | |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 辛苦 |
| Singapore (Fuqing) | 辛苦 | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 艱苦 |
| Quanzhou | 艱苦 | |
| Zhangzhou | 艱苦 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 艱苦 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦 | |
| Shantou | 艱苦 | |
| Shantou (Chenghai) | 艱苦 | |
| Jieyang | 艱苦 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 艱苦 | |
| Pontianak (Teochew) | 艱苦 | |
| Wenchang | 艱苦 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 艱苦 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 辛苦 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 辛苦, 衰瘏, 吃力 |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 辛 | |
| Suzhou | 辛苦 | |
| Danyang | 吃力 | |
| Hangzhou | 吃力 | |
| Ningbo | 𢜭力, 吃力 | |
| Jinhua | 著力, 吃力 | |
- (poor):
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
- 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
- 困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
- 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
- 困難／困难
- 困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
- 宋凶 (Hokkien)
- 散 (Hokkien)
- 散凶 (Hokkien)
- 散赤 (Hokkien)
- 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
- 清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
- 磽／硗 (Teochew)
- 䆀康 (Hokkien)
- 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
- 窄
- 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
- 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
- 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
- 窮／穷 (qióng)
- 窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
- 窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
- 窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
- 窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
- 貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
- 貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
- 貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
- 貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)
Derived terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]艱苦
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Verb
[edit]艱苦
- (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to fall ill; to be ill
Synonyms
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