שבת

Aramaic

Verb

שְׁבַת • (šəḇaṯ)

1. rest; observe the Sabbath

Noun

שַׁבַּת • (šabbaṯ)

1. singular construct state of שבתא

Hebrew

Etymology 1

Root
שׁ־ב־ת (sh-b-t)

Possibly from Akkadian 𒊭𒉺𒀜𒌈 (šapattum, “the middle day of the lunar month”).

Pronunciation

• (Modern Israeli Hebrew) IPA^(key): [ʃaˈbat]
• (Ashkenazi Hebrew) IPA^(key): /ʃaˈbɔs/, /ˈʃabɔs/
• (Yemenite Hebrew) IPA^(key): /ʃæbˈbɔːθ/
• (Tiberian Hebrew) IPA^(key): [ʃabˈbɔːθ]

Noun

שַׁבָּת • (shabát) f (plural indefinite שַׁבָּתוֹת)

1. Shabbat, Sabbath; weekly day of rest
   • בראשית רבה, יז ה

     רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר יִצְחָק אָמַר: ג׳ נוֹבְלוֹת הֵן: נוֹבֶלֶת מִיתָה שֵׁינָה, נוֹבֶלֶת נְבוּאָה חֲלוֹם, נוֹבֶלֶת הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא שַׁבָּת.

     They are three samples: a sample of death is sleep, a sample of prophecy is dream, a sample of the world-to-come is the Sabbath.

2. Saturday
3. (archaic) week (Mishnaic Hebrew)

Derived terms

• מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת (motsa'éi shabát)
• שַׁבָּתוֹן (shabatón)
• שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם (shabát shalóm)
• שׁוֹמֵר שַׁבָּת (shomér shabát)

Descendants

• → Ancient Greek: σάββατον (sábbaton, “Sabbath”)
  • Greek: Σάββατο (Sávvato)
  • Byzantine Greek: *σάμβατον (*sámbaton)
    • Italiot Greek: samba
    • → Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ (sabbaton)
    • → Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍉 (*sambatō)
      • Old High German: sambaztag (see there for further descendants)
    • → Latin: *sambatum (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Slavic: *sǫbota (see there for further descendants)
  • → Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍉 (sabbatō)
  • → Romani: sàvato
  • → Old Armenian: սաբբատ (sabbat), սաբատ (sabat)
  • → Mingrelian: საბატონი (sabaṭoni) (see there for further descendants)
  • → Latin: sabbatum (see there for further descendants)
  • → Laz: საბატონი (sabaťoni), საპატონი (sap̌aťoni)
• → Arabic: السَّبْت (as-sabt)
• → Classical Syriac: ܫܒܬܐ (šabbəṯā)
  • → Old Armenian: շաբաթ (šabatʻ) (see there for further descendants)
• → Dutch: sjabbat
• → English: Shabbat
• → French: chabbat, shabbat
• → Georgian: შაბაში (šabaši)
• → German: Schabbat, Schabbath
• → Norwegian: sabbat
• → Polish: szabat
• → Romanian: Șabat
• → Russian: Шабба́т (Šabbát)
• → Yiddish: שבת (shabes)
  • → Czech: šábes
  • → Dutch: sjabbes
  • → English: Shabbos
  • → German: Schabbes
  • → Hungarian: sábesz
  • → Polish: szabas
  • → Swedish: shabbes

References

• H7676 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible

Verb

שָׁבַת • (shavát) third-singular masculine past (pa'al construction, future ישבות / יִשְׁבֹּת)

1. to stop working, to rest
   • Tanach, Genesis 2:2-3, with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

     וַיְכַל אֱלֹהִים בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וַיִּשְׁבֹּת בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה׃ וַיְבָרֶךְ אֱלֹהִים אֶת־יוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וַיְקַדֵּשׁ אֹתוֹ כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר־בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים לַעֲשׂוֹת׃

     vay'khál 'elohím bayóm hash'vi'í m'lakhtó 'ashér 'asá vayishbót bayóm hash'vi'í mikol-m'lakhtó 'ashér 'asá. vay'várekh 'elohím 'et-yóm hash'vi'í vay'kadésh 'otó kí vó shavát mikol-m'lakhtó 'asher-bará 'elohím la'asót.
     wayəḵal ʾĕlōhīm bayyōm haššəḇīʿī məlaḵtō ʾăšer ʿāśā wayyišbōṯ bayyōm haššəḇīʿī mikkol-məlaḵtō ʾăšer ʿāśā. wayəḇā́reḵ ʾĕlōhīm ʾeṯ-yōm haššəḇīʿī wayəqaddēš ʾōṯō kī ḇō šāḇaṯ mikkol-məlaḵtō ʾăšer-bārā ʾĕlōhīm laʿăśōṯ.

     And on the seventh day God finished His work which He had made; and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made. And God blessed the seventh day, and hallowed it; because that in it He rested from all His work which God in creating had made.

2. to go on strike

Conjugation

Conjugation of שָׁבַת (see also Appendix:Hebrew verbs) 

non-finite forms		to-infinitive: לשבות / לִשְׁבֹּת action noun: שְׁבִיתָה passive participle: —
finite forms		singular		plural
		m.	f.	m.	f.
past	first	שבתתי / שָׁבַתִּי		שָׁבַתְנוּ
	second	שבתת / שָׁבַתָּ	שבתת / שָׁבַתְּ	שבתתם / שְׁבַתֶּם1	שבתתן / שְׁבַתֶּן1
	third	שָׁבַת	שָׁבְתָה	שָׁבְתוּ
present		שׁוֹבֵת	שׁוֹבֶתֶת	שׁוֹבְתִים	שׁוֹבְתוֹת
future	first	אשבות / אֶשְׁבֹּת		נשבות / נִשְׁבֹּת
	second	תשבות / תִּשְׁבֹּת	תִּשְׁבְּתִי	תִּשְׁבְּתוּ	תשבותנה / תִּשְׁבֹּתְנָה2
	third	ישבות / יִשְׁבֹּת	תשבות / תִּשְׁבֹּת	יִשְׁבְּתוּ	תשבותנה / תִּשְׁבֹּתְנָה2
imperative		שבות / שְׁבֹת	שִׁבְתִי	שִׁבְתוּ	שבותנה / שְׁבֹתְנָה2
notes		Pronounced שבתתם / שָׁבַתֶּם and שבתתן / שָׁבַתֶּן in informal Modern Hebrew. Rare in Modern Hebrew.

Derived terms

• שְׁבִיתָה (sh'vitá)

Etymology 2

Root
י־שׁ־ב (y-sh-b)

Verb

שֶׁבֶת • (shévet)

1. bare infinitive (infinitive construct or gerund) of יָשַׁב (yasháv)

Yiddish

Etymology

From Hebrew שַׁבָּת (shabát).

Pronunciation

• (YIVO, Northeastern, Poylish) IPA^(key): [ˈʃa.bəs]
• (Ukraynish) IPA^(key): [ˈʃɔ.bəs]

Noun

שבת • (shabes) m, plural שבתים (shabosem)

1. Saturday
2. Sabbath, Shabbat

Derived terms

• אַ גוטן שבת (a gutn shabes)
• גוט שבת (gut shabes)
• שבתדיק (shabesdik)
• שבת גױ (shabes goy)

Descendants

• → Czech: šábes
• → Dutch: sjabbes
• → English: Shabbos
• → German: Schabbes
• → Hungarian: sábesz
• → Polish: szabas
• → Swedish: shabbes

See also

• (days of the week) די טעג פֿון דער וואָך (di teg fun der vokh)‎; זונטיק (zuntik)‎, מאָנטיק (montik)‎, דינסטיק (dinstik)‎, מיטוואָך (mitvokh)‎, דאָנערשטיק (donershtik)‎, פֿרײַטיק (fraytik)‎, שבת (shabes) ^{(Category: yi:Days of the week)}