чугун

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Russian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Inherited from Middle Russian чюгунъ (čjugun) (att. no later than 1665), likely a back-formation from чюгунной (čjugunnoj) first appearing in the Pskov 3rd Chronicle in the context of a 1615 siege (even though iron shot was cast in Russia already in late 16th century).

A Turkic borrowing, the most closely fitting are Chuvash чугун (čugun) and Azerbaijani çuqun (cast iron; iron pot), but both may be Russian loans. Cf. also Tatar чуен (çuyen), Crimean Tatar çoyun, Ottoman Turkish جويكن (çöygen, cast iron; teapot), Kumyk чоюн (çoyun), Southern Altai чӧйгӧн (čöygön, teapot), Ukrainian чавун (čavun, cast iron; iron pot), Romanian ceaun (cauldron).

Mudrak notes that medieval Turkic cognates meant either 'bronze, copper' as with Karakhanid جُوذِن (čoδïn) or 'iron ore', that in Karluk-Yugur, Altay and Teleut they denote metallic vessels, and suggests that it was derived from Middle Chinese (t͡ɕɨoH, to cast).

Räsänen notes that common turkic cognates (like to Southern Altai чой (čoy), Kumyk чоюн (çoyun), etc) were from Middle Chinese (t͡ɕɨoH, to cast). Given that South Siberian Turkic has -y- (like to Shor шойун (šoyun), Tuvan шой (şoy), Khakas сойын (soyın), etc.), ultimately it was borrowed by (t͡ɕɨoH, to cast).

Also, See also Bashkir ҡурғаш (qurğaş), Kyrgyz коргошун (korgoşun), Southern Altai коргожын (korgožïn).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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чугу́н (čugúnm inan (genitive чугуна́, nominative plural чугуны́, genitive plural чугуно́в, relational adjective чугу́нный, diminutive чугуно́к)

  1. cast iron
    се́рый чугу́нséryj čugúngray cast iron
    бе́лый чугу́нbélyj čugúnwhite cast iron
    переде́льный чугу́нperedélʹnyj čugúnpig iron
    чу́шковый чугу́нčúškovyj čugúnpig iron
    ко́вкий чугу́нkóvkij čugúnmalleable iron
  2. cooking pot (traditionally made of cast iron)

Declension

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Armenian: չուգուն (čʻugun)
  • Azerbaijani: çuqun
  • Ingrian: cuguna
  • Persian: چدن (čodan)

See also

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References

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  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “чугун”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura