User:DanielWhernchend/Useful information
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Irregular verbs
[edit]Copied from w:French conjugation
Seven principal parts
[edit]| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Simple past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
| je | 1S+s | PAST+s | 1P+ais | FUT+ai | 3P+e | PAST+sse | FUT+ais | |
| tu | FUT+as | 3P+es | PAST+sses | (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.) | ||||
| il/elle | 1S+t1 | PAST+t | 1P+ait | FUT+a | 3P+e | PAST+ˆt | FUT+ait | |
| nous | 1P+ons | PAST+ˆmes | 1P+ions | FUT+ons | 1P+ions | PAST+ssions | FUT+ions | (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) |
| vous | 1P+ez | PAST+ˆtes | 1P+iez | FUT+ez | 1P+iez | PAST+ssiez | FUT+iez | (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) |
| ils/elles | 3P+ent | PAST+rent | 1P+aient | FUT+ont | 3P+ent | PAST+ssent | FUT+aient | |
1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
- Present participle: 1P-ant
- Gerundive: en 1P-ant
- Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
- Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
| INF: Infinitive | Meaning | FUT: Future | Present Indicative | PP: Past Participle | PAST: Simple Past | Notes | Similar verbs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) | 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) | 3P: 3rd Plur | |||||||
| chois-ir | "to choose" | choisir-ai | choisi-s | choisiss-ons | choisiss-ent | choisi | choisi-s | How a regular -ir verb would be represented by its principal parts | About 300 verbs in -ir |
| haïr | "to hate" | haïr-ai | hai-s / haï-s1 | haïss-ons | haïss-ent | haï | haï-s | The same as a regular -ir verb but in Sing. pres. indic. the diaeresis drops out | |
| part-ir | "to leave" | partir-ai | par-s | part-ons | part-ent | parti | parti-s | Sing. pres. indic. stem drops last consonant of basic stem: je pars, dors, mens, sens, sers, sors /ʒ(ə) paʁ, dɔʁ, mɑ̃, sɔʁ, sɑ̃, sɛʁ/ | se départir "divest", repartir "leave again", dormir "sleep", s'endormir "fall asleep", se rendormir "fall back asleep", mentir "lie (tell lies)", démentir "contradict", sentir "feel", consentir "agree", pressentir "foresee", ressentir "feel", servir "serve", desservir "clear away", resservir "serve again", sortir "go out", ressortir "come back" |
| vêt-ir | "to dress" | vêtir-ai | vêt-s, vêt2 | vêt-ons | vêt-ent | vêtu | vêti-s | The same as partir, except for the past participle | dévêtir "undress", revêtir "cover" |
| requér-ir | "to require, demand" | requerr-ai | requier-s | requér-ons | requièr-ent | requis | requi-s | ||
| ven-ir | "to come" | viendr-ai | vien-s | ven-ons | vienn-ent | venu | vin-s | Note simple past plural vînmes, vîntes, vinrent /vɛ̃m, vɛ̃t, vɛ̃ʁ/ | revenir "return", devenir "become", se souvenir "remember", parvenir "reach", prévenir "tell beforehand"; tenir "hold", retenir "memorize", contretenir "talk", soutenir "sustain", maintenir "maintain", appartenir "belong", etc. |
| mour-ir | "to die" | mourr-ai | meur-s | mour-ons | meur-ent | mort | mouru-s | ||
| cour-ir | "to run" | courr-ai | cour-s | cour-ons | cour-ent | couru | couru-s | ||
| ouvr-ir | "to open" | ouvrir-ai | ouvr-e, ouvr-es, ouvr-e | ouvr-ons | ouvr-ent | ouvert | ouvri-s | Sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | couvrir "cover", découvrir "discover", offrir "offer", souffrir "suffer" |
| cueill-ir | "to gather" | cueiller-ai | cueill-e, cueill-es, cueill-e | cueill-ons | cueill-ent | cueilli | cueilli-s | Like ouvrir except the future; sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs | |
| asseoir | "to sit" | assiér-ai; assoir-ai | assied-s, assied;2 assoi-s | assey-ons; assoy-ons | assey-ent; assoi-ent | assis | assi-s | Notice that there are two sets of conjugations. | |
| envoy-er | "to send" | enverr-ai | envoi-e3 | envoy-ons3 | envoi-ent3 | envoyé | envoy-ai | 1st group verb | renvoyer "resend" |
| voir | "to see" | verr-ai | voi-s | voy-ons | voi-ent3 | vu | vi-s | revoir "see again" | |
| recev-oir | "to receive" | recevr-ai | reçoi-s | recev-ons | reçoiv-ent | reçu | reçu-s | Other verbs in -cevoir, e.g. apercevoir "perceive", concevoir "conceive", décevoir "disappoint" | |
| dev-oir | "to owe, must" | devr-ai | doi-s | dev-ons | doiv-ent | dû | du-s | Very similar to recevoir, but adds a circumflex to du to distinguish it from the partitive article du - due, dus and dues remain unchanged | |
| mouv-oir | "to move" | mouvr-ai | meu-s | mouv-ons | meuv-ent | mû | mu-s | Adds a circumflex to mu to distinguish it from the Greek letter mu (μ) - mue, mus and mues remain unchanged | |
| émouv-oir | "to move, affect" | émouvr-ai | émeu-s | émouv-ons | émeuv-ent | ému | ému-s | promouvoir "promote" | |
| choir | "to fall" | choir-ai; cherr-ai | choi-s | choy-ons | choi-ent3 | chu | chu-s | Missing the indicative imperfect and the subjunctive mood (except by chût, in singular 3rd person imperfect subjunctive) | échoir "befall" |
| pleuv-oir | "to rain" | pleuvr-a | pleu-t | (stem pleuv-) | (stem pleuv-) | plu | plu-t | Impersonal (3rd-singular only) | |
| vend-re | "to sell" | vendr-ai | vend-s, vend2 | vend-ons | vend-ent | vendu | vendi-s | So-called "regular -re" verbs; all end in -dre, but not -indre | attendre "wait", défendre "defend", descendre "go down", entendre "hear", étendre "extend", fondre "melt", pendre "hang", perdre "lose", prétendre "pretend", rendre "return, give back", répandre "spill", répondre "respond", etc. |
| batt-re | "to beat" | battr-ai | bat-s, bat2 | batt-ons | batt-ent | battu | batti-s | Close to vendre | |
| romp-re | "to break" | rompr-ai | romp-s | romp-ons | romp-ent | rompu | rompi-s | Very close to vendre | |
| vainc-re | "to conquer" | vaincr-ai | vainc-s, vainc | vainqu-ons | vainqu-ent | vaincu | vainqui-s | Essentially same as vendre, except for c/qu variation | convaincre "convince" |
| craind-re | "to fear" | craindr-ai | crain-s | craign-ons | craign-ent | craint | craign-is | All verbs in -aindre, -eindre, -oindre, e.g. contraindre "compel", plaindre "complain"; atteindre "reach", ceindre "gird", empreindre "stamp", éteindre "turn off", étreindre "hug", feindre "pretend", geindre "whine", peindre "paint", restreindre "restrict", teindre "dye"; joindre "join", oindre "anoint", poindre "dawn", rejoindre "rejoin" | |
| condui-re | "to lead" | conduir-ai | condui-s | conduis-ons | conduis-ent | conduit | conduisi-s | All verbs in -uire e.g. construire "build", cuire "cook", détruire "destroy", instruire "instruct", réduire "reduce", produire "produce", traduire "translate", etc. | |
| trai-re | "to milk" | trair-ai | trai-s | tray-ons3 | trai-ent3 | trai-t | tray-ai | PS is conjugated as in 1st group verbs. | contraire "contract", extraire "extract", soustraire "subtract", retraire "withdraw" |
| prend-re | "to take" | prendr-ai | prend-s, prend2 | pren-ons | prenn-ent | pris | pri-s | comprendre "understand", apprendre "study", reprendre "take again", etc. | |
| mett-re | "to put" | mettr-ai | met-s, met2 | mett-ons | mett-ent | mis | mi-s | promettre "promise", permettre "permit", compromettre "compromise, damage", soumettre "submit, subdue", transmettre "transmit" | |
| écri-re | "to write" | écrir-ai | écri-s | écriv-ons | écriv-ent | écrit | écrivi-s | décrire "describe", inscrire "inscribe" | |
| boi-re | "to drink" | boir-ai | boi-s | buv-ons | boiv-ent | bu | bu-s | ||
| di-re | "to say, tell" | dir-ai | di-s | dis-ons, dites | dis-ent | dit | di-s | Note the 2nd pl. dites | contredire "contradict", interdire "forbid" |
| li-re | "to read" | lir-ai | li-s | lis-ons | lis-ent | lu | lu-s | ||
| suffi-re | "to suffice" | suffir-ai | suffi-s | suffis-ons | suffis-ent | suffi | suffi-s | confire "pickle", circoncire "circumcise", frire "fry" | |
| plai-re | "to please" | plair-ai | plai-s, plaît | plais-ons | plais-ent | plu | plu-s | Note the 3rd sg. plaît | |
| croi-re | "to believe" | croir-ai | croi-s | croy-ons3 | croi-ent3 | cru | cru-s | ||
| brui-re | "to make a low noise" | bruir-ai | brui-t | (stem bruiss-) | bruiss-ent | brui | brui-t | Rare outside of third person, conjugated like choisir (regular -ir verbs) | |
| maudi-re | "to curse" | maudir-ai | maudi-t | maudiss-ons | maudiss-ent | maudit | maudi-t | Very close to bruire | |
| ri-re | "to laugh" | rir-ai | ri-s | ri-ons | ri-ent | ri | ri-s | sourire "smile" | |
| conclu-re | "to conclude" | conclur-ai | conclu-s | conclu-ons | conclu-ent | conclu | conclu-s | Other verbs in -clure | |
| viv-re | "to live" | vivr-ai | vi-s | viv-ons | viv-ent | vécu | vécu-s | revivre "come alive again", survivre "survive" | |
| suiv-re | "to follow" | suivr-ai | sui-s | suiv-ons | suiv-ent | suivi | suivi-s | poursuivre "pursue" | |
| connaît-re | "to know" | connaîtr-ai | connai-s, connaît | connaiss-ons | connaiss-ent | connu | connu-s | Note the 3rd sg. connaît | reconnaître "recognize", paraître "seem", apparaître "appear", reparaître "reappear", disparaître "disappear" |
| naît-re | "to be born" | naîtr-ai | nai-s, naît | naiss-ons | naiss-ent | né | naqui-s | Note the 3rd sg. naît | |
| coud-re | "to sew" | coudr-ai | coud-s, coud2 | cous-ons | cous-ent | cousu | cousi-s | ||
| moud-re | "to grind, mill" | moudr-ai | moud-s, moud2 | moul-ons | moul-ent | moulu | moulu-s | ||
| résoud-re | "to solve, resolve" | résoudr-ai | résou-s | résolv-ons | résolv-ent | résolu | résolu-s | ||
| absoud-re | "to solve, absolve" | absoudr-ai | absou-s | absolv-ons | absolv-ent | absous, absoute | absolu-s | The same as résoudre, except for the past participle. Note the masculine absous and feminine absoute | |
| clo-re | "to close" | clor-ai | clo-s, clôt | clos-ons | clos-ent | clos | (missing) | Missing the subjunctive and indicative imperfect, as well as the simple past tens. Note the 3rd sg. clôt | |
1 Only in Quebec French
2 The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
3 Alternation of "-ai-" and -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.
The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Simple Past | Imperfect | Future | Present | Imperfect | Present | Present | |
| je | reçois /ʁəswɑ/ |
reçus /ʁəsy/ |
recevais /ʁəsəvɛ/ |
recevrai /ʁəsəvʁe/ |
reçoive /ʁəswav/ |
reçusse /ʁəsys/ |
recevrais /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
|
| tu | recevras /ʁəsəvʁɑ/ |
reçoives /ʁəswav/ |
reçusses /ʁəsys/ |
reçois /ʁəswɑ/ | ||||
| il/elle | reçoit /ʁəswa/ |
reçut /ʁəsy/ |
recevait /ʁəsəvɛ/ |
recevra /ʁəsəvʁa/ |
reçoive /ʁəswav/ |
reçût /ʁəsy/ |
recevrait /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
|
| nous | recevons /ʁəsəvɔ̃/ |
reçûmes /ʁəsym/ |
recevions /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ |
recevrons /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ |
recevions /ʁəsəvjɔ̃/ |
reçussions /ʁəsysjɔ̃/ |
recevrions /ʁəsəvʁijɔ̃/ |
recevons /ʁəsəvɔ̃/ |
| vous | recevez /ʁəsəve/ |
reçûtes /ʁəsyt/ |
receviez /ʁəsəvje/ |
recevrez /ʁəsəvʁe/ |
receviez /ʁəsəvje/ |
reçussiez /ʁəsysje/ |
recevriez /ʁəsəvʁije/ |
recevez /ʁəsəve/ |
| ils/elles | reçoivent /ʁəswav/ |
reçurent /ʁəsyʁ/ |
recevaient /ʁəsəvɛ/ |
recevront /ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/ |
reçoivent /ʁəswav/ |
reçussent /ʁəsys/ |
recevraient /ʁəsəvʁɛ/ |
|
Non-finite forms:
- Infinitive: recevoir
- Present participle: recevant
- Gerundive: en recevant
- Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
- Past participle: reçu(e)(s)
Chuvash declension in IPA
[edit]| Back | Front | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consonant | Reduced vowel | Vowel | Consonant | Reduced vowel | Vowel | ||||||
| [arˈman] | [armanˈzʲemʲ] | [ˈpul] | [pulˈzʲemʲ] | [laˈʒa] | [laʒaˈzʲemʲ] | [ˈtʲirʲ] | [tʲirʲˈzʲemʲ] | [ˈkʲyl] | [ˈkʲylzʲemʲ] | [ˈɲe] | [ˈɲezʲemʲ] |