Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xъlmъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From a Germanic language; compare Proto-Germanic *hulmaz (“small island, hill, mound”). The exact donor language cannot be specified - some form of Germanic that had not undergone the a-umlaut, possibly Langobardic or Gothic.

The Germanic word further reflects Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“lift”), whence also *čelo (“forehead”).

Noun

*xъ̃lmъ m

1. hill

Inflection

Declension of *xъ̃lmъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*xъ̃lmъ	*xъlmà	*xъlmì
genitive	*xъlmà	*xъlmù	*xъ̃lmъ
dative	*xъlmù	*xъlmòma	*xъlmòmъ
accusative	*xъ̃lmъ	*xъlmà	*xъlmỳ
instrumental	*xъlmъ̀mь, *xъlmòmь*	*xъlmòma	*xъ̃lmy
locative	*xъlmě̀	*xъlmù	*xъ̃lměxъ
vocative	*xъlme	*xъlmà	*xъlmì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: хълмъ (xŭlmŭ), хълъмъ (xŭlŭmŭ)
    • Russian: холм (xolm), холо́м (xolóm) (dialectal)
    • Ukrainian: холм (xolm)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: хлъмъ (xlŭmŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⱒⰾⱏⰿⱏ (xlŭmŭ)

  • Bulgarian: хълм (hǎlm)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ху̑м

    Latin script: hȗm

  • Slovene: họ́lm, họ̑lm (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: chlm, chlum
    • Czech: chlum
  • Polish: chełm, Chełm, Chełmno
  • Slovak: chlm
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: chółm
    • Upper Sorbian: chołm

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Hungarian: halom

Further reading

Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “холм”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress