Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werdʰh₁om

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”), with the extension *-dʰh₁-o- (from *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)), which expresses the perfective aspect. [1]

Noun

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*werdʰh₁om n (non-ablauting)

  1. word

Inflection

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Thematic
singular
nominative *werdʰh₁om
genitive *werdʰh₁osyo
singular dual plural
nominative *werdʰh₁om *werdʰh₁oy(h₁) *werdʰh₁eh₂
vocative *werdʰh₁om *werdʰh₁oy(h₁) *werdʰh₁eh₂
accusative *werdʰh₁om *werdʰh₁oy(h₁) *werdʰh₁eh₂
genitive *werdʰh₁osyo *? *werdʰh₁oHom
ablative *werdʰh₁ead *? *werdʰh₁omos, *werdʰh₁obʰos
dative *werdʰh₁oey *? *werdʰh₁omos, *werdʰh₁obʰos
locative *werdʰh₁ey, *werdʰh₁oy *? *werdʰh₁oysu
instrumental *werdʰh₁oh₁ *? *werdʰh₁ōys
  • Based on the different gradations in descendants, this word likely exhibited ablaut between the stems *wérdʰh₁- ~ *wordʰh₁- ~ *wr̥dʰh₁-; however, it has been thematicized in all descendants and so the particular declension type may be unreconstructible.
  • It is possible that Latin verbum actually reflects the zero-grade or o-grade, if it underwent an early shift *vor- > ver-,[2] in which case the e-grade would be unrepresented (unless Umbrian 𐌖𐌄𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌄 (uerfale, “temple”) is a valid descendant).

Descendants

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  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wardas (from the o-grade *wordʰh₁om)
    • Latgalian: vuords (“word, name”)
    • Latvian: vārds (“name, word”)
    • Lithuanian: var̃das (“name”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirdas (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om)
    • Old Prussian: wirds
    • → Proto-Finnic: *virci (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *wurdą (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om[3]) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *werβom (see there for further descendants)

References

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  1. ^ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Wort”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
  2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “verbum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 664–665
  3. ^ “Wort” in: Deutsches Wörterbuch (Grimm)

Further reading

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  • Hackstein, Olav (2002) “Uridg. *CH.CC > *C.CC”, in Historische Sprachforschung‎[1] (in German), volume 115, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISSN, section 3.2, page 14 of 1–22
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