Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werdʰh₁om
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”), with the extension *-dʰh₁-o- (from *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)), which expresses the perfective aspect. [1]
Noun
[edit]*werdʰh₁om n (non-ablauting)
Inflection
[edit]| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *werdʰh₁om | ||
| genitive | *werdʰh₁osyo | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *werdʰh₁om | *werdʰh₁oy(h₁) | *werdʰh₁eh₂ |
| vocative | *werdʰh₁om | *werdʰh₁oy(h₁) | *werdʰh₁eh₂ |
| accusative | *werdʰh₁om | *werdʰh₁oy(h₁) | *werdʰh₁eh₂ |
| genitive | *werdʰh₁osyo | *? | *werdʰh₁oHom |
| ablative | *werdʰh₁ead | *? | *werdʰh₁omos, *werdʰh₁obʰos |
| dative | *werdʰh₁oey | *? | *werdʰh₁omos, *werdʰh₁obʰos |
| locative | *werdʰh₁ey, *werdʰh₁oy | *? | *werdʰh₁oysu |
| instrumental | *werdʰh₁oh₁ | *? | *werdʰh₁ōys |
- Based on the different gradations in descendants, this word likely exhibited ablaut between the stems *wérdʰh₁- ~ *wordʰh₁- ~ *wr̥dʰh₁-; however, it has been thematicized in all descendants and so the particular declension type may be unreconstructible.
- It is possible that Latin verbum actually reflects the zero-grade or o-grade, if it underwent an early shift *vor- > ver-,[2] in which case the e-grade would be unrepresented (unless Umbrian 𐌖𐌄𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌄 (uerfale, “temple”) is a valid descendant).
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wardas (from the o-grade *wordʰh₁om)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirdas (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om)
- Proto-Germanic: *wurdą (from the zero-grade *wr̥dʰh₁om[3]) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *werβom (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- ^ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Wort”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “verbum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 664–665
- ^ “Wort” in: Deutsches Wörterbuch (Grimm)