Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁eǵʰs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *éǵʰs

Reconstruction

Celtic and Greek point to PIE *h₁eḱs. Balto-Slavic *iś and *iź (either could be word-sandhi variant of the other) forms have unexplained initial *i-. However, due to aspirates in the old compounds such as ἔσχατος (éskhatos) and ἐχθός (ekhthós), a pre-form *h₁eǵʰs is needed. Dunkel reconstructs without *h₁ because he allows vowel-initial words.

Adverb

*h₁eǵʰs

1. out

Derived terms

• *h₁eǵʰs-to-
  • Proto-Albanian: *e(k)šta
    • Albanian: jashtë
• *h₁eǵʰs-tos
  • Proto-Celtic: *extos (“except, but”)
    • Old Irish: acht (“but, provided that”), act
      • Irish: ach
      • Manx: agh
      • Scottish Gaelic: ach
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ekʰthós, *ekʰ(h)tós
    • Ancient Greek: ἐχθός (ekhthós), ἐκτός (ektós) (see there for further descendants)
• *h₁eǵʰs-teros
  • Proto-Celtic: *exteros (“outside (of), without”)
    • Proto-Brythonic: *exter
      • Middle Welsh: eithr, eithyr
    • Old Irish: echtar
      • Irish: eachtar-
  • Proto-Italic: *eksteros
    • Latin: exterus, exter (see there for further descendants)
• *h₁eǵʰs-tm̥mós
  • Proto-Celtic: *extamos
    • Proto-Brythonic: *extaβ̃
      • Welsh: eithaf (“extreme, farthest; extremity, end”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰstətos (with regular superlative suffix from *-tm̥-tos)
    • >? Ancient Greek: ἔσχατος (éskhatos, “outermost, farthest, most remote, last”) (with metathesis and simplification of the cluster) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *ekstemos
    • Latin: extimus (“outermost, farthest”)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *its
  • Albanian: ith (“back, backward”), ish- (“former”) (< ek's)
• Proto-Albanian: *eś-
  • Albanian: sh-
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *iź, *iś
  • Latvian: iz
  • Lithuanian: iš
  • Old Prussian: is
  • Proto-Slavic: *jьz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *exs, *exs- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *eh
• Proto-Hellenic: *eks, *eks-
  • Ancient Greek: ἐξ (ex), ἐξ- (ex-) > ἐκ (ek), ἐκ- (ek-)
    • Greek: εξ (ex), εξ- (ex-), εκ (ek), εκ- (ek-)
  • Mycenaean Greek: *eks-
    • ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒 (e-ko-so-wo-ko, “outside workers”)
• Proto-Italic: *eɣ, *eks
  • Latin: ex, ex- (see there for further descendants)
    • → English: ex-
  • Oscan: -𐌇𐌄 (-he)
  • Umbrian: -𐌄𐌇𐌄 (-ehe)