Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fragebaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fra- +‎ *gebaną. Possibly calqued from Late Latin perdōnō, or vice-versa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˌɸrɑ.ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*fragebaną

1. to give, grant
2. to forgive

Inflection

Conjugation of *fragebaną (strong class 5)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fragebō	*fragebaų	—	*fragebai	?
2nd singular	*fragibizi	*fragebaiz	*frageb	*fragebazai	*fragebaizau
3rd singular	*fragibidi	*fragebai	*fragebadau	*fragebadai	*fragebaidau
1st dual	*fragebōz	*fragebaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*fragebadiz	*fragebaidiz	*fragebadiz	—	—
1st plural	*fragebamaz	*fragebaim	—	*fragebandai	*fragebaindau
2nd plural	*fragibid	*fragebaid	*fragibid	*fragebandai	*fragebaindau
3rd plural	*fragebandi	*fragebain	*fragebandau	*fragebandai	*fragebaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fragab	*fragēbį̄
2nd singular	*fragaft	*fragēbīz
3rd singular	*fragab	*fragēbī
1st dual	*fragēbū	*fragēbīw
2nd dual	*fragēbudiz	*fragēbīdiz
1st plural	*fragēbum	*fragēbīm
2nd plural	*fragēbud	*fragēbīd
3rd plural	*fragēbun	*fragēbīn
	present	past
participles	*fragebandz	*fragebanaz

Derived terms

• *fragiftiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *frageban
  • Old English: forġiefan, forġeofan — Non-West Saxon, forġifan — West Saxon, forġyfan — Late West Saxon
    • Middle English: foryiven, foryeven, foryive, forȝive, forȝiven, forgiven (influenced by given)
      • ⇒ Middle English: forgiven (influenced by given)
        • English: forgive
        • Scots: forgie, firgee, forgae
  • Old Frisian: *forieva
    • Saterland Frisian: ferjeeuwe
    • West Frisian: ferjaan
  • Old Saxon: fargevan, fargeƀan
    • Middle Low German: vorgeven
      • German Low German: vergeven, vögiëwen
  • Old Dutch: *fargevan
    • Middle Dutch: vergēven
      • Dutch: vergeven
        • Afrikaans: vergeef, vergewe
        • Negerhollands: vergie, vergeven
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: forgef
      • Limburgish: vergaeve
  • Old High German: fargeban
    • Middle High German: vergeben
      • Cimbrian: vorghìban, borghìban (Mezzaselva)
      • German: vergeben
      • Luxembourgish: verginn
      • Yiddish: פֿאַרגעבן (fargebn)
• Old Norse: fyrirgefa
  • Icelandic: fyrirgefa
  • Faroese: fyrigeva
  • Danish: forgive (obsolete)
  • Old Swedish: forgiva
    • Swedish: förgiva (obsolete)
• Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (fragiban)
• →? Late Latin: perdōnō (calque) (see there for further descendants)