Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *duniz (“sound”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdun.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*dunjaną

1. to make a noise, to resound

Inflection

Conjugation of *dunjaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*dunjō	*dunjaų	—	*dunjai	?
2nd singular	*dunisi	*dunjais	*duni	*dunjasai	*dunjaisau
3rd singular	*duniþi	*dunjai	*dunjaþau	*dunjaþai	*dunjaiþau
1st dual	*dunjōs	*dunjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*dunjaþiz	*dunjaiþiz	*dunjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*dunjamaz	*dunjaim	—	*dunjanþai	*dunjainþau
2nd plural	*duniþ	*dunjaiþ	*duniþ	*dunjanþai	*dunjainþau
3rd plural	*dunjanþi	*dunjain	*dunjanþau	*dunjanþai	*dunjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*dunidǭ	*dunidēdį̄
2nd singular	*dunidēz	*dunidēdīz
3rd singular	*dunidē	*dunidēdī
1st dual	*dunidēdū	*dunidēdīw
2nd dual	*dunidēdudiz	*dunidēdīdiz
1st plural	*dunidēdum	*dunidēdīm
2nd plural	*dunidēdud	*dunidēdīd
3rd plural	*dunidēdun	*dunidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*dunjandz	*dunidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *dunnjan
  • Old English: dynnan, dynian
    • Middle English: dynnen, denen, denie, donen, dunien, dunnyn, dynen
      • English: dun, din
      • Scots: dyn, din
  • Old Saxon: dunnian
    • Middle Low German: *dönnen, dȫnen
  • Old High German: *tunnen, *tunen
    • Middle High German: dunen, dünen
      • German: dünen (archaic)
• Old Norse: dynja
  • Icelandic: dynja
  • Bokmål: dynje
  • Nynorsk: dynje, dynja