Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/manniskaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *mann- +‎ *-iskaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmɑn.nis.kɑz/

Adjective

*manniskaz

1. human

Inflection

Declension of *manniskaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*manniskaz	*manniskai	*manniskō	*manniskôz	*manniską, -atō	*manniskō
Accusative	*manniskanǭ	*manniskanz	*manniskǭ	*manniskōz	*manniską, -atō	*manniskō
Genitive	*manniskas, -is	*manniskaizǫ̂	*manniskaizōz	*manniskaizǫ̂	*manniskas, -is	*manniskaizǫ̂
Dative	*manniskammai	*manniskaimaz	*manniskaizōi	*manniskaimaz	*manniskammai	*manniskaimaz
Instrumental	*manniskanō	*manniskaimiz	*manniskaizō	*manniskaimiz	*manniskanō	*manniskaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*manniskô	*manniskaniz	*manniskǭ	*manniskōniz	*manniskô	*manniskōnō
Accusative	*manniskanų	*manniskanunz	*manniskōnų	*manniskōnunz	*manniskô	*manniskōnō
Genitive	*manniskiniz	*manniskanǫ̂	*manniskōniz	*manniskōnǫ̂	*manniskiniz	*manniskanǫ̂
Dative	*manniskini	*manniskammaz	*manniskōni	*manniskōmaz	*manniskini	*manniskammaz
Instrumental	*manniskinē	*manniskammiz	*manniskōnē	*manniskōmiz	*manniskinē	*manniskammiz

Descendants

In several daughter languages, this word only survives as a substantivised form of the weak declension. In Proto-Germanic, this would have originally meant 'he who/that which is human'.

• Proto-West Germanic: *mannisk
  • Old English: mennisċ
    • Middle English: mennesc, mennish, mænnisc, mannish
      • English: mennish, mannish
  • Old Frisian: menniska, manniska
    • North Frisian: mansche
    • Saterland Frisian: Moanske
    • West Frisian: minske
  • Old Saxon: mennisk, mennisko
    • Middle Low German: mensche, minsche
      • Low German:
        • Dutch Low Saxon: meanske, méénse
        • German Low German: Minsch

          Hamburgisch: Mensch

          Westphalian:

          Paderbornisch: Mensk m (poetic), Minsche m

          Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Minske

          Westmünsterlandisch: Mensk, Menske, Määnske, Määske, Mense, Mentse, Mainske, Maiske

      • Plautdietsch: Mensch
    • → Old Norse: manneskja
      • Icelandic: manneskja
      • Faroese: menniskja
      • Norwegian Bokmål: menneske
      • Old Swedish: mænniskia
        • Swedish: människa
      • Danish: menneske
  • Old Dutch: *mennisko
    • Middle Dutch: mensc, mensch
      • Dutch: mens
  • Old High German: mennisko, mennisk
    • Middle High German: mensch, mensche
      • Alemannic German: Mänsch
      • Bavarian: Mensch

        Mòcheno: mènsch

      • Central Franconian:

        Hunsrik: Mensch

        Kölsch: Minsch

        Luxembourgish: Mënsch

      • German: Mensch
      • Rhine Franconian: Mensch (Frankfurterisch)

        Pennsylvania German: Mensch

      • Vilamovian: menś
      • Yiddish: מענטש (mentsh)
        • → English: mensch
• Old Norse: mennskr, mennska
  • Icelandic: mennskur, mennska
  • Faroese: menskur
  • Old Swedish: mænsker
    • Swedish: mänska
  • → Middle English: menske
    • English: mensk, mense
• Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (mannisks)