𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫

Prakrit

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit चर्म (cárma).

Noun

𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (camma) n (Devanagari चम्म, Gujarati ચમ્મ, Kannada ಚಮ್ಮ) (Māhārāṣṭrī, Ardhamāgadhī, Māgadhī)

1. leather
   • c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 631:

     𑀅𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀅! 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀲𑀼 𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀅-𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀧𑀼𑀲𑀺𑀅-𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁
     𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀁 𑀯𑀸𑀳-𑀚𑀼𑀆𑀡𑁄 𑀳𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀥𑀡𑀼𑀁 𑀡 𑀡𑀸𑀫𑁂𑀇

     aṇṇesu pahia! pucchasu vāhaa-puttesu pusia-cammāiṃ
     amhaṃ vāha-juāṇo hāriṇesu dhaṇuṃ ṇa ṇāmei

     • 2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken

       Trader, for hides of the spotted deer, you’ll have to go elsewhere
       Our young hunter no longer bends his bow to shoot deer.

2. shield

Declension

Maharastri declension of 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (neuter)
	singular	plural
Nominative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀁 (cammaṃ)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁 (cammāiṃ) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇 (cammāi)
Accusative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀁 (cammaṃ)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁 (cammāiṃ) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇 (cammāi)
Instrumental	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀡 (cammeṇa) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀡𑀁 (cammeṇaṃ)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀳𑀺 (cammehi) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (cammehiṃ)
Dative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀅 (cammāa)	—
Ablative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀑 (cammāo) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀉 (cammāu) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸 (cammā) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀳𑀺 (cammāhi) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (cammāhiṃto)	—
Genitive	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀲𑁆𑀲 (cammassa)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀡 (cammāṇa) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀁 (cammāṇaṃ)
Locative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (cammammi) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂 (camme)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀲𑀼 (cammesu) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (cammesuṃ)
Vocative	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (camma) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸 (cammā)	𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁 (cammāiṃ) or 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀇 (cammāi)

Derived terms

Terms inherited from *camma-ḍa

• Gujarati: ચામડ (cāmaḍ)
• Marathi: चामट (cāmaṭ)
• → Kannada: ಚಮಡ (camaḍa)

Terms inherited from *camma-ḍa-ka

• Assamese: চামৰা (samora)
• Bengali: চামড়া (camṛa)
• Bundeli: चामरो (cāmro)
• Chhattisgarhi: चमड़ा (camṛā)
• Gojri: چَمْڑو (camṛo)
• Gujarati: ચામડું (cāmḍũ)
• Hindustani: camṛā

  Hindi: चमड़ा

  Urdu: چَمْڑَا

• Konkani:

  Kannada: ಚಾಮ್ಡೆಂ

  Latin script: chambddem

• Maithili: camṛā

  Devanagari script: चमड़ा

  Tirhuta script: 𑒔𑒧𑒛𑓃𑒰

• Malvi: चमड़ा (camṛā)
• Old Marathi: cāṃbaḍeṃ, cāṃbuḍeṃ

  Devanagari script: चांबडें, चांबुडें

  Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘽𑘤𑘚𑘹𑘽, 𑘓𑘰𑘽𑘤𑘳𑘚𑘹𑘽

  • Marathi: चामडे (cāmḍe)
  • Varhadi: चामळं (cāmḷa)
• Marwari:

  Devanagari script: चमड़ा (camṛā), चौमड़ौ (caumṛau)

  Mahajani script: 𑅙𑅬𑅲 (cmṛ), 𑅙𑅒𑅬𑅲𑅒 (cumṛu)

• Odia: ଚମଡ଼ା (camaṛā)
• Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਚਮੜਾ (camṛā)

  Shahmukhi script: چَمْڑَہ (camṛah)

• Sindhi: camiṛo

  Arabic script: چَمِڙو

  Devanagari script: चमिड़ो

  Sindhi: 𑋀𑋗𑋡𑋊𑋧

Terms inherited from *camma-ḍ-ikā

• Ahirani: चमडी (camḍī), चामडी (cāmḍī)
• Konkani:

  Devanagari script: चामडी (cāmḍī)

• Gojri: چَمْڑِی (camṛī)
• Gujarati: ચામડી (cāmḍī)
• Hindustani: camṛī

  Hindi: चमड़ी

  Urdu: چَمْڑِی

• Maithili: camṛī

  Devanagari script: चमड़ी

  Tirhuta script: 𑒔𑒧𑒛𑓃𑒲

• Malvi: चमड़ी (camṛī)
• Old Marathi: cāmaṭhī, cāmāṭī, cāmāṭhī

  Devanagari script: चामठी, चामाटी, चामाठी

  Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘦𑘙𑘲, 𑘓𑘰𑘦𑘘𑘲, 𑘓𑘰𑘦𑘰𑘙𑘲

  • Marathi: चामडी (cāmḍī)
• Marwari:

  Devanagari script: चमड़ी (camṛī), चामड़ी (cāmṛī)

  Mahajani script: 𑅙𑅬𑅲𑅑 (cmṛi)

• Old Punjabi: ਚਮੜੀ (camaṛī)
  • Punjabi: camṛī

    Gurmukhi script: ਚਮੜੀ

    Shahmukhi script: چَمْڑِی

• Saraiki: چَمْڑِی (camṛī)
• Sindhi: camiṛī

  Arabic script: چَمِڙيِ

  Devanagari script: चमिड़ी

  Khudabadi script: 𑋀𑋗𑋡𑋊𑋢

Terms inherited from *camma-la

• Old Marathi: cāmaḷa

  Devanagari script: चामळ

  Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘦𑘯

Descendants

Terms inherited from 𑀘𑀫𑁆𑀫 (camma)

• Assamese: চাম (sam)
• Bagheli: चाम (cām)
• Bengali: চাম (cam)
• Chakma: 𑄌𑄟𑄴 (cām)
• Chhattisgarhi: चाम (cām)
• Dhivehi: ހަން (han̊)
• Gojri: چَم (cam)
• Gujarati: ચામ (cām)
• Old Hindi: चांब (cā̃b), चांम (cā̃m)
  • Hindustani: cām

    Hindi: चाम

    Urdu: چَام (cām)

• Magahi: 𑂒𑂰𑂧 (cām)
• Malvi: चाम (cām)
• Old Marathi: cāma

  Devanagari script: चाम

  Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘦

  • Marathi: चाम (cām)
• Maithili: cām

  Devanagari script: चाम

  Tirhuta script: 𑒔𑒰𑒧

• Marwari:

  Devanagari script: चाब (cāb), चांम (cā̃m)

  Mahajani script: 𑅙𑅪 (cb), 𑅙𑅧𑅬 (cnm)

• Nepali: चाम (cām)
• Odia: ଚମ (cama)
• Old Punjabi: ਚੰਮੁ (cammu)
  • Punjabi: camm

    Gurmukhi script: ਚੰਮ

    Shahmukhi script: چَمّ

• Saraiki: چَم (cam)
• Sindhi: camu

  Arabic script: چَمُ

  Devanagari script: चमु

  Khudabadi script: 𑋀𑋗𑋣

• Sinhalese: සම (sama), හම (hama)

Further reading

• Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928) “चम्म”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 319.
• Pischel, Richard, Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, pages 248, 253
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “cárman”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 255