가꾸다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Gyechuk ilgi (癸丑日記 / 계축일기), c. 1600 , as Early Modern Korean 갓고다 (Yale: kaskwota).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠k͈uda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [가꾸다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	gakkuda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	ga'kkuda
McCune–Reischauer?	kakkuda
Yale Romanization?	ka.kkwuta

Verb

가꾸다 • (gakkuda) (infinitive 가꾸어 or 가꿔, sequential 가꾸니)

1. To cultivate (plants).
2. To decorate.

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 가꾸다 (gakkuda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	가꾼다 gakkunda	가꾸어 gakkueo	가꾸어요, 가꿔요 gakkueoyo, gakkwoyo	가꿉니다 gakkumnida
	Past	가꾸었다 gakkueotda	가꾸었어 gakkueosseo	가꾸었어요 gakkueosseoyo	가꾸었습니다 gakkueotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가꾸느냐 gakkuneunya	가꾸어 gakkueo	가꾸어요, 가꿔요 gakkueoyo, gakkwoyo	가꿉니까 gakkumnikka
	Past	가꾸었느냐 gakkueonneunya	가꾸었어 gakkueosseo	가꾸었어요 gakkueosseoyo	가꾸었습니까 gakkueotseumnikka
Hortative		가꾸자 gakkuja	가꾸어 gakkueo	가꾸어요, 가꿔요 gakkueoyo, gakkwoyo	가꾸십시다 gakkusipsida
Imperative		가꾸어라, 가꿔라 gakkueora, gakkwora	가꾸어 gakkueo	가꾸어요, 가꿔요 gakkueoyo, gakkwoyo	가꿉시오 gakkupsio
Assertive		가꾸겠다 gakkugetda	가꾸겠어 gakkugesseo	가꾸겠어요 gakkugesseoyo	가꾸겠습니다 gakkugetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		가꾸어 gakkueo	가꾸어서, 가꿔서 gakkueoseo, gakkwoseo	가꾸니 gakkuni	가꾸니까 gakkunikka
Contrast		가꾸지만 gakkujiman	가꾸는데 gakkuneunde	가꾸더니 gakkudeoni
Conjunction		가꾸고 gakkugo
Condition		가꾸면 gakkumyeon	가꾸어야, 가꿔야 gakkueoya, gakkwoya
Motive		가꾸려고 gakkuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		가꿈 gakkum	가꾸기 gakkugi
Past-tense verbal nouns		가꾸었음, 가꿨음 gakkueosseum, gakkwosseum	가꾸었기, 가꿨기 gakkueotgi, gakkwotgi
Determiners	Past	가꾼 gakkun
	Present	가꾸는 gakkuneun
	Future	가꿀 gakkul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	가꾸신다 gakkusinda	가꾸셔 gakkusyeo	가꾸세요, 가꾸셔요 gakkuseyo, gakkusyeoyo	가꾸십니다 gakkusimnida
	Past	가꾸셨다 gakkusyeotda	가꾸셨어 gakkusyeosseo	가꾸셨어요 gakkusyeosseoyo	가꾸셨습니다 gakkusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가꾸시느냐 gakkusineunya	가꾸셔 gakkusyeo	가꾸세요, 가꾸셔요 gakkuseyo, gakkusyeoyo	가꾸십니까 gakkusimnikka
	Past	가꾸셨느냐 gakkusyeonneunya	가꾸셨어 gakkusyeosseo	가꾸셨어요 gakkusyeosseoyo	가꾸셨습니까 gakkusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		가꾸시라 gakkusira	가꾸셔 gakkusyeo	가꾸세요 gakkuseyo	가꾸십시오 gakkusipsio
Assertive		가꾸시겠다 gakkusigetda	가꾸시겠어 gakkusigesseo	가꾸시겠어요 gakkusigesseoyo	가꾸시겠습니다 gakkusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		가꾸셔 gakkusyeo	가꾸셔서 gakkusyeoseo	가꾸시니 gakkusini	가꾸시니까 gakkusinikka
Contrast		가꾸시지만 gakkusijiman	가꾸시는데 gakkusineunde	가꾸시더니 gakkusideoni
Conjunction		가꾸시고 gakkusigo
Condition		가꾸시면 gakkusimyeon	가꾸셔야 gakkusyeoya
Motive		가꾸시려고 gakkusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		가꾸심 gakkusim	가꾸시기 gakkusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		가꾸셨음 gakkusyeosseum	가꾸셨기 gakkusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	가꾸신 gakkusin
	Present	가꾸시는 gakkusineun
	Future	가꾸실 gakkusil

Synonyms

(cultivate):

• 거두다 (geoduda)
• 기르다 (gireuda)

(decorate):

• 꾸미다 (kkumida)

Derived terms

• 가꿈 (gakkum)
• 가꿈이 (gakkumi)