ὑπό

See also: υπο-, υπό-, ὑπο-, and ὕπο

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ῠ̔πά (hupá) — Aeolic
• ῠ̔παί (hupaí) — Poetic
• ῠ̔π’ (hup’) — apocopic
• ῠ̔φ’ (huph’) — apocopic, before a vowel with rough breathing

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *upó (“under, below”), with regular rough breathing ῾ (h) before initial υ (u). Cognates include Latin sub and Sanskrit उप (upa).

The genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the PIE locative and metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE accusative of direct object.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /hy.pó/ → /yˈpo/ → /iˈpo/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hy.pó/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)yˈpo/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /yˈpo/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /yˈpo/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈpo/

Preposition

ῠ̔πό • (hupó) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

1. [with genitive]
   1. (of place) from underneath
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.56
      • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 669
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.141, (compare Plato, Phaedrus 230B)
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.17
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.248
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.198
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.224
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.86
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.543
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.39
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.463
      • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 1.55, (compare Olympian Ode 6.74)
      • 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 441
      • 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 53
      1. under, beneath
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.375
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.375
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.106
         • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 717
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.372
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.14
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.52
         • 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 588
   2. (of cause or agency) by, through
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.242
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.137
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.436
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.61
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 16.303
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.77
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.66
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.6
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, 4 64
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1321
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.98
      • 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 737, (compare Thucydides, 6 32)
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 391, (compare Plato, Philebus 66A)
      • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 359A
      • 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1024
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1.34
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 532
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.66
      1. (in pregnant phrases) of immediate acts of an agent, as well as further results
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.334
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.149
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.153
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.320
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 5.1.5
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.78
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 99
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.78
      2. (in Herodotus and Attic, of things as well as persons)
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.77
         • 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 142B
         • 7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Demeter 372
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 541
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1153
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.85, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.33)
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.129
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.1
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.21
      3. denoting the attendant or accompanying circumstances
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.334
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.277
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.220
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.276
      4. (of accompanying music) to give the time
         • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 278
         • 680 BCE – 645 BCE, Archilochus, Collected Works 110
         • 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 1001
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.492, (compare Euripides, Helen 639)
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1553
         • 428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1299
         • 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 970
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 630
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of Sparta 5.7
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.45
2. [with dative]
   1. (of place or position) under, near
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.784
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.307
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.866, (compare Odyssey 1.186)
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.105
      • 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 764, (compare Aeschylus, Agamemnon 860)
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.533
      • 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 222E
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.402
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.478
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1164
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.453
   2. (of agency) under, through, by
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.121
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.637
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.82
      1. expressing subjection or dependence
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.304, (compare Iliad 9.156)
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.68
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.32
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.11
         • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 391C
         • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.1.26
         • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 563C
         • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Cicero 44
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.11, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.64)
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.157
      2. of logical subordination
         • 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 205B
         • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 511B
         • 390 BCE, Plato, Hippias Major 295D
      3. of attendant circumstances
         • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 283
         • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.470E
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.402
         • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Publicola 10
         • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1030
         • 300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.1022
         • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Galba 14
3. [with accusative]
   1. (of place) to express motion towards and under
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.279
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.383
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.333
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.335
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.12
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.271
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.96
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.146
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.181
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.72
      1. of position or extension
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.603
         • 484 BCE – 425 BCE, Herodotus, 5 10
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.17
         • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.114
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.371
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.26
         • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.278
         • 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1154
      2. of logical subordination
         • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Categories 3.3
   2. of subjection, control
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.60
   3. (of time) just after
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.102
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.2
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.142
      • 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 139
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.27
      • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Alexander the Great 14
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.202
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.51
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.8.1
   4. of accompaniment
      • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 670A
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Symposium 6.3
   5. to a certain degree
      • 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 493C
      • 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 1290

Antonyms

• ὑπέρ (hupér)

Derived terms

• ὕπᾰτος (húpatos)
• ὑπέκ (hupék)
• ὕπτιος (húptios)

 

Related terms

• ὕπαιθα (húpaitha)

Descendants

• English: hypo-
• Spanish: hipo-
• Russian: гипо- (gipo-)

Further reading

• “ὑπό”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ὑπό”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ὑπό”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ὑπό in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ὑπό in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ὑπό”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G5259 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • accompaniment idem, page 6.
  • after idem, page 17.
  • below idem, page 73.
  • beneath idem, page 73.
  • by idem, page 107.
  • deep idem, page 203.
  • foot idem, page 333.
  • from idem, page 346.
  • owing to idem, page 587.
  • pressure idem, page 637.
  • sound idem, page 796.
  • subjection idem, page 831.
  • through idem, page 871.
  • thumb idem, page 872.
  • to idem, page 878.
  • tune idem, page 900.
  • under idem, page 912.
  • underneath idem, page 913.
• Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell