سوگ

See also: شوك

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian swk' (sōg, “burn, burning”), from Old Persian *θauga(h), from Proto-Iranian *cawkah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćawkas (compare Sanskrit शोक (śoka, “burning; grief”)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk-.

Related to سوختن (suxtan, “to burn”), سرخ (sorx, “red”), and سوگند (sowgand, “oath”); and also to Old Armenian սուգ (sug, “grief”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [soːɡ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [soːɡ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [soːɡ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [soːɡ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [sʊːɡ̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [suːɡʲ̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [sɵɡ]

Readings
Classical reading?	sōg
Dari reading?	sōg
Iranian reading?	sug
Tajik reading?	süg

Noun

سوگ • (sug)

1. grief, sorrow, affliction, mourning

   Synonyms: سوز (suz), غم (ğam), اندوه (anduh), سهم (sahm), دژم (dežam)

   Antonyms: خوش (xoš), خوشحال (xoš-hâl)

   • Ferdowsi, Shahnameh

     بسوگ سیاوش همی جوشد آب
     کند چرخ نفرین بر افراسیاب

     ba sōg-i siyāwaš hamē jōšad āb, kunad čarx-i nafrīn bar afrāsiyāb

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Derived terms

• سوگوار (sugvâr)
• سوگواری (sugvâri)
• سوگ‌انگیز (sug-angiz)

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “سوگ”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “swk'”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 75

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سوگ (sōg).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /soːɡ/
• Rhymes: -oːɡ

Noun

سوگ • (sog) m (Hindi spelling सोग)

1. sorrow; mourning

   Synonyms: غَم (ġam), رَنْج (ranj)

Declension

Declension of سوگ

	singular	plural
direct	سوگ (sog)	سوگ (sog)
oblique	سوگ (sog)	سوگوں (sogõ)
vocative	سوگ (sog)	سوگو (sogo)

Further reading

• “سوگ”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “سوگ”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “سوگ”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
• Platts, John T. (1884) “سوگ”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• S. W. Fallon (1879) “سوگ”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
• John Shakespear (1834) “سوگ”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC