𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿

Old Uyghur

Alternative forms

• اولوس (ʾwlws /⁠ulus, uluš⁠/)
• 𑀅𑀼𑀮𑀼𑀰𑀁 (aᵘlᵘṣ /⁠uluʂ⁠/)
• 𐫀𐫇𐫓𐫇𐫢 (ʾwlwx /⁠uluḫ⁠/)
• 𐼀𐼇𐼌𐼇𐼑 (ʾwlws /⁠uluš⁠/)
• ܐܘܠܘܫ (ʾwlwš /⁠uluš⁠/)

Etymology

Perhaps from 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐾁𐽹𐽰𐽷 (ülmek, “to share, to allot”) +‎ -𐽳𐽿 (-iš), ultimately from Proto-Turkic *üle-. Compare Western Yugur ulis (“allotment, personal garden, region”), similarly from uliɣi (uli-, “to share, to separate, to allot”).

Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰆𐰞𐱁 (uluš /⁠ul¹š⁠/), Karakhanid اُلُشْ (uluš, “village, city”), Turkish ulus (“nation”).

Noun

𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿 (uluš /ʾwlwš/)

1. (politics) country, realm, nation

   Synonyms: 𐽶𐾁 (yl /⁠él⁠/), 𐽷𐽳𐽷 (kwk /⁠kuk⁠/), 𐽷𐽳𐽳 (kww /⁠kuu⁠/)

   • 1687, Altun Yaruk Süü bitigi [Foreword and addenda], page 19‎^[1], AY.B05.01.r03 (S506-S508) - AY.B05.01.r05 (S509-S511)‎^[2]:

     𐽲𐾄𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽺𐽽 𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽴𐽳𐽺 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽲𐾄𐽶𐽺𐽽𐽳𐽺 𐾇 𐽷𐽶𐽺𐽷𐽶 𐽰𐽰𐽴𐾅𐽳𐽺
     𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽰 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 𐽶𐽶𐽾𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽰 𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐾁𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽻𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽰 𐾀𐽳𐽲𐽰𐽶𐽶𐽺 𐾀𐽶𐽼
     𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽻𐽰𐽻𐽰𐽾 𐾁𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐾀[......]𐽾 𐽼𐽳 𐽺𐽳𐽹 𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽺𐽶 𐽰𐽶𐽽𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽰𐽷𐽶 𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽶𐽲 𐽽𐽰 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐾀𐽶𐽲[𐾁𐽰𐽺𐽴𐽳𐽺 𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾇]

     /Ḳïlïnčlarï arïzun alkïnzun! Kénki ažunlarda
     teŋri yérinte, burhanlar ulušïnta tugayïn tép
     küseserler öt[...le]r bo nom erdini ičinteki yarlïgča ḳatïg[lanzunlar!]/

     May their terrible deeds are purged and gone! If they wish to be reincarnated in later ages and lifetimes, in the land of the gods and in the realm of the Buddhas […] , they should consolidate [themselves] according to the commandment contained in these Dharmic gemstones.

2. (figurative, rare) the world, the Earth

   Synonyms: 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyr /⁠yér⁠/), 𐽶𐽶𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺𐽽𐽳 (yyrtyncw /⁠yértinčü⁠/)

   𐽹𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽲 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿 𐾀𐽰 𐽶𐽰𐽿𐽰𐽸𐽶𐽹𐽶𐽴 𐾈

   mʾnkylyq ʾwlwš tʾ yʾšʾdymyz

   /Meŋilig ulušta yašadïmïz./

   We [once] lived in a joyful world.

Declension

Declension of 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿

	singular	definite plural
nominative	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿 (ʾwlwš)	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽰𐽾 (ʾwlwšlʾr)
genitive	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐽺𐽳𐽺𐽷 (ʾwlwšnwnk)	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (ʾwlwšlʾrnynk)
dative	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐽷𐽰 (ʾwlwškʾ)	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (ʾwlwšlʾrkʾ)
accusative	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐽳𐽲 (ʾwlwšwq) 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐽺𐽶 (ʾwlwšny)	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (ʾwlwšlʾryq) 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (ʾwlwšlʾrny)
locative	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾀𐽰 (ʾwlwštʾ)	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽰 (ʾwlwšlʾrtʾ)
ablative	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ʾwlwštyn)	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ʾwlwšlʾrtyn)
instrumental	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐽳𐽺 (ʾwlwšwn)	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (ʾwlwšlʾryn)
equative	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐽽𐽰 (ʾwlwšcʾ)
directive	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (ʾwlwškʾrw)
similative	𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (ʾwlwšlʾyw)

Compound terms

• 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿 𐽰𐽳𐽾𐽸𐽳 (ʾwlwš ʾwrdw /⁠uluš ordo⁠/, “a country and the palace”)
• 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽲𐽶 (ʾwlwš ʾwlwqy /⁠uluš ulugï⁠/, “most venerable person in the country”)
• 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿 𐽼𐽳𐽸𐽳𐽺 (ʾwlwš pwdwn /⁠uluš bodun⁠/, “a nation and its people”)

Derived terms

• 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (ʾwlwšlwq /⁠ulušlug⁠/, “citizen, one from a country”)
  • 𐽰𐽳𐽸𐽳𐽺 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (ʾwdwn ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Odon ulušlug⁠/, “Khotanese”)
  • 𐽰𐽳𐽾𐽳𐽹 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (ʾwrwm ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Urum ulušlug⁠/, “Roman”)
  • 𐽰𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽷𐽰𐽷 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (ʾyntkʾk ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Enetkek ulušlug⁠/, “Indian (any person from the Indian subcontinent)”)
  • 𐽲𐽳𐽻𐾀𐽰𐽺𐽰 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (qwstʾnʾ ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Kustana ulušlug⁠/, “Khotanese”)
  • 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽽𐽰𐽺 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (q̈ʾrʾcʾn ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Karačaŋ ulušlug⁠/, “Yunnanese”)
  • 𐽲𐾄𐽶𐾀𐽰𐽶 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (q̈ytʾy ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Kïtay ulušlug⁠/, “Kara-khitan, Khitan, Northern Chinese”)
  • 𐽳𐽶𐽲𐽳𐽾 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (wyqwr ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Uygur ulušlug⁠/, “Uyghur”)
  • 𐽶𐽰𐽱𐽰𐽺𐽶𐽷𐽶 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (yʾβʾnyky ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Yavaniké ulušlug⁠/, “Greek, more specifically, Bactrian or Indian Greeks (often used pejoratively)”)
  • 𐽹𐽳𐽺𐽷𐽳𐾁 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (mwnkwl ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Moŋol ulušlug⁠/, “Mongol”)
  • 𐽹𐽵𐽰𐽽𐽶𐽺𐽰𐽸𐽻 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (mxʾcynʾds ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Mahačinades ulušlug⁠/, “Chinese (used venerably)”)
  • 𐽻𐽳𐽲𐽸𐽰𐽷 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (swqdʾk ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Sogdak ulušlug⁠/, “Sogdian”)
  • 𐽼𐽰𐽾𐽻 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (pʾrs ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Pars ulušlug⁠/, “Persian”)
  • 𐽽𐽶𐽺𐽰𐽻𐽸𐽰𐽺 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (cynʾsdʾn ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Činasdan ulušlug⁠/, “Chinese”)
  • 𐽽𐽺𐽼𐽳𐽸𐽱𐽶𐽼 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (cnpwdβyp ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Čambudvip ulušlug⁠/, “Indian, (figuratively) someone from a mythical place (similar to English Timbuktu in usage)”)
  • 𐾀𐽰𐽱𐽲𐽰𐽽 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (tʾβqʾc ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Tavgač ulušlug⁠/, “Chinese”)
  • 𐾀𐽰𐽴𐽶𐽷 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (tʾzyk ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Težik ulušlug⁠/, “Arab, Tajik or Persian, exclusively used for Muslims”)
  • 𐾀𐽳𐽲𐽾𐽰 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (twqrʾ ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Tohre ulušlug⁠/, “Tocharian”)
  • 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽼𐽳𐾀 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (twypwt ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Töpöt ulušlug⁠/, “Tibetan”)
  • 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽷 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾁𐽳𐽲 (twyrk ʾwlwšlwq /⁠Türk ulušlug⁠/, “Turk (often used pejoratively)”)

Descendants

• →? Middle Mongol: ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠋ (ulus)
• Western Yugur: ulis (“allotment, personal garden, region”)

References

• Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “uluş”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 265
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “uluş”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 152-153
• Wilkens, Jens (2021) “uluš”, in Handworterbuch des Altuigurischen, Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, page 797